Meet heroines and heroes of faith who helped to spread the message of Jesus throughout Europe in Part 2 of the six-part documentary series Inexplicable: How Christianity Spread to the Ends of the Earth, hosted by Golden Globe® nominee Dennis Haysbert.
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Inexplicable | Part 2 - Heroines and Heroes of Faith | January 21, 2021
- [THUNDER CRASHES]
- 00:00:03.958 --> 00:00:07.762
- [MUSIC]
- 00:00:07.829 --> 00:01:14.862
- - ROME.
- 00:01:14.929 --> 00:01:15.930
- A CITY OF INCOMPARABLE BEAUTY.
- 00:01:15.997 --> 00:01:18.032
- THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF HISTORY HAVE UNFOLDED
- 00:01:18.099 --> 00:01:19.967
- HERE WITH ONLY THE REMAINS OF BYGONE ERAS
- 00:01:20.034 --> 00:01:23.171
- LEFT TO TELL ITS STORY.
- 00:01:23.237 --> 00:01:24.705
- BUT WHAT A STORY IT HAS TO TELL.
- 00:01:24.772 --> 00:01:27.608
- WE BEGIN OUR STORY IN A.D. 41O.
- 00:01:27.675 --> 00:01:29.544
- ROME HAS FALLEN TO THE VISIGOTHS.
- 00:01:29.610 --> 00:01:32.180
- MANY OF THE ROMANS BELIEVE THEY WERE BEING
- 00:01:32.246 --> 00:01:34.649
- PUNISHED FOR TURNING AWAY FROM THE PAGAN GODS.
- 00:01:34.715 --> 00:01:37.251
- SAINT JEROME LAMENTS THE EMPIRE STATE.
- 00:01:37.318 --> 00:01:40.988
- - FROM THE WEST, A TERRIBLE RUMOR CAME TO US
- 00:01:41.055 --> 00:01:43.357
- THAT ROME IS BESIEGED, THAT THE SAFETY OF THE
- 00:01:43.424 --> 00:01:45.593
- CITIZENS IS REDEEMED BY GOLD.
- 00:01:45.660 --> 00:01:47.795
- DESPOILED AND AGAIN SURROUNDED, THEY LOST
- 00:01:47.862 --> 00:01:50.264
- THEIR WEALTH AND NOW ARE LOSING THEIR LIVES.
- 00:01:50.331 --> 00:01:53.534
- THE VOICE CANNOT CONTINUE.
- 00:01:53.601 --> 00:01:56.137
- SOBS INTERRUPT ITS WORDS.
- 00:01:56.204 --> 00:01:58.506
- CAPTURED IS THE CITY THAT CAPTURED THE WORLD.
- 00:01:58.573 --> 00:02:02.310
- - SUDDENLY IT SEEMED AS IF THE EMPIRE
- 00:02:02.376 --> 00:02:04.345
- WAS COLLAPSING.
- 00:02:04.412 --> 00:02:05.780
- IT WAS A VERY BAD MOMENT FOR CHRISTIANS AND IT
- 00:02:05.846 --> 00:02:08.583
- FORCED AUGUSTINE IN PARTICULAR TO HAVE TO
- 00:02:08.649 --> 00:02:12.220
- THINK WHAT IT MEANT BECAUSE THERE WERE
- 00:02:12.286 --> 00:02:15.022
- NON-CHRISTIANS AROUND HIM SAYING LOOK, THIS IS
- 00:02:15.089 --> 00:02:17.725
- WHAT HAPPENS
- 00:02:17.792 --> 00:02:19.060
- IF YOU ALIGN THE EMPIRE WITH THIS CHRISTIAN GOD.
- 00:02:19.126 --> 00:02:22.630
- IT'S DISASTROUS.
- 00:02:22.697 --> 00:02:24.298
- OUT OF THAT CAME THAT EXTRAORDINARY BOOK, THE
- 00:02:24.365 --> 00:02:26.634
- CITY OF GOD.
- 00:02:26.701 --> 00:02:28.002
- - SAINT AUGUSTINE'S WORDS --
- 00:02:28.069 --> 00:02:30.171
- - THEY LOST ALL THEY HAD?
- 00:02:30.238 --> 00:02:31.872
- THEIR FAITH?
- 00:02:31.939 --> 00:02:33.040
- THEIR GODLINESS?
- 00:02:33.107 --> 00:02:34.508
- THE POSSESSIONS OF THE HIDDEN MAN OF THE HEART
- 00:02:34.575 --> 00:02:39.347
- WHICH IN THE SIGHT OF GOD ARE OF GREAT PRICE?
- 00:02:39.413 --> 00:02:41.082
- DID THEY LOSE THOSE?
- 00:02:41.148 --> 00:02:43.184
- - THE VERY CENTER OF THE CHRISTIAN WORLD HAD
- 00:02:43.251 --> 00:02:44.885
- COLLAPSED, AND THE YOUNG RELIGION IN EUROPE WOULD
- 00:02:44.952 --> 00:02:46.754
- NOW FACE 1.000 YEARS OF RELENTLESS ATTACKS.
- 00:02:46.821 --> 00:02:49.857
- TIME AFTER TIME IT WOULD APPEAR THAT THE DIVINE
- 00:02:49.924 --> 00:02:52.326
- TAPESTRY IN THE MAKING WOULD BE TORN TO SHREDS.
- 00:02:52.393 --> 00:02:55.329
- THE BLACK PLAGUE WOULD KILL NEARLY 30% OF
- 00:02:55.396 --> 00:02:57.131
- THE POPULATION.
- 00:02:57.198 --> 00:02:59.433
- POLITICS AND THEOLOGY WOULD CREATE A GREAT
- 00:02:59.500 --> 00:03:01.269
- SCHISM SPLITTING THE CHURCH IN TWO.
- 00:03:01.335 --> 00:03:03.404
- LATER THE CRUSADES AND THE INQUISITION
- 00:03:03.471 --> 00:03:05.406
- THREATENED TO FATALLY WOUND THE SPREAD OF
- 00:03:05.473 --> 00:03:07.375
- THE GOSPEL.
- 00:03:07.441 --> 00:03:08.743
- EVEN THE ATTEMPTS TO REFORM THE FAITH WOULD
- 00:03:08.809 --> 00:03:10.444
- TEAR THE CHURCH APART AGAIN.
- 00:03:10.511 --> 00:03:13.481
- AS SAINT AUGUSTINE PREDICTS, THE STORY OF
- 00:03:13.547 --> 00:03:15.783
- CHRISTIANITY IS JUST BEGINNING.
- 00:03:15.850 --> 00:03:18.919
- THERE WOULD BE TROUBLES AND CHALLENGES AHEAD, BUT
- 00:03:18.986 --> 00:03:22.223
- THERE WOULD EMERGE WOMEN AND MEN WHOSE FAITH
- 00:03:22.290 --> 00:03:24.392
- LITERALLY TRANSFORMED THE LANDSCAPES AROUND THEM.
- 00:03:24.458 --> 00:03:27.862
- SOME OF THESE HEROES YOU MAY HAVE HEARD OF.
- 00:03:27.928 --> 00:03:30.865
- BUT WE'VE UNCOVERED REMARKABLE STORIES THAT
- 00:03:30.931 --> 00:03:33.401
- YOU'VE NEVER HEARD.
- 00:03:33.467 --> 00:03:35.169
- LET US START OUR JOURNEY IN CANTERBURY ENGLAND
- 00:03:35.236 --> 00:03:37.805
- WITH A YOUNG WOMAN NAMED BERTHA.
- 00:03:37.872 --> 00:03:41.042
- - BERTHA WAS A CHRISTIAN PRINCESS IN FRANCE.
- 00:03:41.108 --> 00:03:44.145
- CAN YOU IMAGINE AS A YOUNG GIRL BEING GIVEN IN
- 00:03:44.211 --> 00:03:46.681
- MARRIAGE TO THE PAGAN WARLORD, ETHELBERT OF KENT
- 00:03:46.747 --> 00:03:51.185
- WHOSE THE BIGGEST FISH GOING BECAUSE HE'S
- 00:03:51.252 --> 00:03:52.987
- FOLLOWED UP ALL THE OTHER MINOR WARLORDS.
- 00:03:53.054 --> 00:03:56.157
- WE CAN TELL SHE WOULD HAVE BEEN A RURAL WOMAN
- 00:03:56.223 --> 00:03:59.226
- IN THE MEROVINGIAN COURT AND IF YOU EVER WANTED
- 00:03:59.293 --> 00:04:02.530
- THE GAME OF THRONES COME TO LIFE, IT WOULD BE
- 00:04:02.596 --> 00:04:05.666
- MEROVINGIAN COURT POLITICS.
- 00:04:05.733 --> 00:04:07.935
- THEY'D KILL ANYBODY IN THEIR WAY, AND SO FOR A
- 00:04:08.002 --> 00:04:10.905
- WOMAN TO STAY ALIVE AND KEEP HER INTEGRITY AND TO
- 00:04:10.971 --> 00:04:15.476
- HAVE A KEY ROLE TO PLAY HERSELF AT THIS PERIOD
- 00:04:15.543 --> 00:04:18.245
- TAKES AN AWFUL LOT OF STRENGTH OF CHARACTER AND
- 00:04:18.312 --> 00:04:20.448
- RESOLVE TO ACTUALLY HAVE THE COURAGE TO KEEP
- 00:04:20.514 --> 00:04:23.417
- BRINGING THE SUBJECT OF YOUR FAITH TO THE
- 00:04:23.484 --> 00:04:27.021
- FOREFRONT WHEN THE EXPECTATION ON YOUR
- 00:04:27.088 --> 00:04:30.124
- HUSBAND'S PART IS THAT YOU WILL FIT IN NEATLY
- 00:04:30.191 --> 00:04:32.426
- AND ACTUALLY JUST GET ON WITH HIS WAY, HIS WORLD
- 00:04:32.493 --> 00:04:36.831
- VIEW AND HIS PAGAN RELIGION.
- 00:04:36.897 --> 00:04:38.999
- AND SHE DID A GOOD JOB DID BERTHA.
- 00:04:39.066 --> 00:04:40.501
- SHE'S NAGGED AND NAGGED AND NAGGED UNTIL SAINT
- 00:04:40.568 --> 00:04:43.637
- AUGUSTINE WAS INVITED OVER FROM ROME IN 596 TO
- 00:04:43.704 --> 00:04:49.777
- ACTUALLY COME AND MEET THE KING.
- 00:04:49.844 --> 00:04:53.180
- HE GOES WITH BERTHA.
- 00:04:53.247 --> 00:04:54.915
- HE MEETS HIM ON THE KENT COAST.
- 00:04:54.982 --> 00:04:58.486
- MEETS HIM OUTSIDE BECAUSE IF YOU MEET HIM IN THE
- 00:04:58.552 --> 00:04:59.854
- BUILDING, HE MIGHT BE ABLE TO PUT A SPELL ON
- 00:04:59.920 --> 00:05:01.489
- YOU MORE EFFECTIVELY.
- 00:05:01.555 --> 00:05:03.224
- BERTHA AND AUGUSTINE DO A REALLY REALLY GOOD JOB.
- 00:05:03.290 --> 00:05:07.328
- NOT ONLY DO THEY GET THE PERMISSION TO COME IN AND
- 00:05:07.395 --> 00:05:09.597
- PREACH TO THE PEOPLE WHO ARE NOW CAMPING OUT IN
- 00:05:09.663 --> 00:05:12.633
- THE OLD ROMAN CITY OF CANTERBURY,
- 00:05:12.700 --> 00:05:15.302
- THEY GET GIVEN A LITTLE TINY ROMAN MORTUARY
- 00:05:15.369 --> 00:05:18.406
- CHAPEL, A PRIT IF YOU LIKE TO GO AND START
- 00:05:18.472 --> 00:05:22.076
- WORSHIPPING IN.
- 00:05:22.143 --> 00:05:23.277
- AND FROM THERE, AUGUSTINE BUILDS HIS MISSION.
- 00:05:23.344 --> 00:05:25.513
- IF HAD HADN'T HAD BEEN FOR THEM KEEPING THE
- 00:05:25.579 --> 00:05:27.882
- FLAME AND FANNING IT INTO LIFE AGAIN, THEN WE
- 00:05:27.948 --> 00:05:32.453
- WOULDN'T HAVE THE ARCH BISHOP
- 00:05:32.520 --> 00:05:33.921
- OF CANTERBURY NOW.
- 00:05:33.988 --> 00:05:36.323
- SO I THINK THESE LITTLE HUMAN STORIES ARE FACTS
- 00:05:36.390 --> 00:05:39.527
- OF COMMITMENT AND BRAVERY AND TAKING THOSE RISKS
- 00:05:39.593 --> 00:05:42.296
- FOR YOUR FAITH.
- 00:05:42.363 --> 00:05:43.731
- IT'S INSPIRATIONAL.
- 00:05:43.798 --> 00:05:46.033
- - BERTHA AND ETHELBERT'S LEGACY LIVED ON.
- 00:05:46.100 --> 00:05:49.103
- THEIR DAUGHTER ETHELBERT MARRIED KING EDWARD
- 00:05:49.170 --> 00:05:53.174
- CONVERTING HIM AND HIS ROYAL COURT TO HER FAITH
- 00:05:53.240 --> 00:05:56.410
- THUS BRINGING ABOUT THE CONVERSION OF THE ENTIRE
- 00:05:56.477 --> 00:05:59.079
- PAGAN NORTH OF ENGLAND.
- 00:05:59.146 --> 00:06:00.748
- IT IS ASTOUNDING THAT A PERSON WHO LEFT NO
- 00:06:00.815 --> 00:06:03.851
- SPEECHES OR WRITINGS AND PASSED NO LAWS COULD HAVE
- 00:06:03.918 --> 00:06:07.121
- SUCH A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE SPREAD
- 00:06:07.188 --> 00:06:10.057
- OF CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:06:10.124 --> 00:06:12.026
- - THIS SET OF ISLANDS, BRITAIN, IRELAND, YOU GET SOME
- 00:06:12.092 --> 00:06:16.263
- EXTRAORDINARY FIGURES MOVING BEYOND THE
- 00:06:16.330 --> 00:06:19.800
- FRONTIERS OF CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:06:19.867 --> 00:06:21.735
- THE MOST OBVIOUS EXAMPLE IS A VERY LATE ROMAN
- 00:06:21.802 --> 00:06:26.073
- PROBABLY OF THE 5TH CENTURY CALLED PATRICK.
- 00:06:26.140 --> 00:06:29.677
- - IT'S INTERESTING TO ME THAT SO MUCH OF
- 00:06:29.743 --> 00:06:31.378
- CHRISTIANITY WAS SPREAD BY SLAVES.
- 00:06:31.445 --> 00:06:34.448
- PATRICK WAS TAKEN AS A SLAVE FROM ENGLAND INTO
- 00:06:34.515 --> 00:06:39.286
- IRELAND WHERE HE WAS ALL ALONE, HERDING SHEEP, AND
- 00:06:39.353 --> 00:06:43.958
- HE HAD BEEN IN A CHRISTIAN FAMILY, BUT
- 00:06:44.024 --> 00:06:46.794
- REALLY DON'T TAKE RELIGION TOO SERIOUSLY
- 00:06:46.861 --> 00:06:50.798
- CHRISTIAN FAMILY.
- 00:06:50.865 --> 00:06:52.466
- AND HE STARTED TAKING IT VERY SERIOUSLY.
- 00:06:52.533 --> 00:06:55.469
- AND AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF THAT, HE FINALLY
- 00:06:55.536 --> 00:06:59.073
- MANAGED TO ESCAPE.
- 00:06:59.139 --> 00:07:00.708
- - WE GOT 2 PRECIOUS DOCUMENTS FROM PATRICK
- 00:07:00.774 --> 00:07:03.711
- ONE OF WHICH IS BASICALLY SORT OF AN AUTO BIOGRAPHY
- 00:07:03.777 --> 00:07:06.347
- OF FASHIONS IN WHICH HE TELLS THE STORY OF BEING
- 00:07:06.413 --> 00:07:09.250
- CAPTURED BY IRISH SLAVERS, TAKEN TO
- 00:07:09.316 --> 00:07:13.153
- IRELAND, LEARNING ABOUT IRELAND, SPEAKING --
- 00:07:13.220 --> 00:07:18.158
- - HE ENDED UP BACK IN ENGLAND ANYWAY, AND HE
- 00:07:18.225 --> 00:07:20.861
- WAS REALLY A DEVOUT CHRISTIAN AT THAT POINT.
- 00:07:20.928 --> 00:07:24.298
- AND AFTER HE GOT HOME, HE HAD A DREAM THAT SOMEONE
- 00:07:24.365 --> 00:07:31.105
- FROM WHERE HE HAD BEEN IN IRELAND WAS SAYING COME
- 00:07:31.171 --> 00:07:35.409
- BACK AND CONVERT US.
- 00:07:35.476 --> 00:07:38.045
- - IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THIS FAITH IN THE TRINITY
- 00:07:38.112 --> 00:07:40.548
- AND WITHOUT LETTING THE DANGERS PREVENT IT, IT IS
- 00:07:40.614 --> 00:07:43.083
- RIGHT TO MAKE KNOWN THE GIFT OF GOD AND HIS
- 00:07:43.150 --> 00:07:46.153
- ETERNAL CONSOLATION.
- 00:07:46.220 --> 00:07:48.522
- IT IS RIGHT TO SPREAD ABROAD THE NAME OF GOD
- 00:07:48.589 --> 00:07:51.025
- FAITHFULLY AND WITHOUT FEAR SO THAT EVEN AFTER
- 00:07:51.091 --> 00:07:54.528
- MY DEATH I MAY LEAVE SOMETHING OF VALUE TO THE
- 00:07:54.595 --> 00:07:57.598
- MANY THOUSANDS OF MY BROTHERS AND SISTERS, THE
- 00:07:57.665 --> 00:08:00.067
- CHILDREN WHOM I BAPTIZED IN THE LORD.
- 00:08:00.134 --> 00:08:04.204
- - HE WASN'T THE FIRST, BUT HIS EFFECT WAS
- 00:08:04.271 --> 00:08:06.740
- EXTRAORDINARY, AND NOW WE REMEMBER PATRICK AS THE
- 00:08:06.807 --> 00:08:10.911
- ORIGINATOR OF IRISH CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:08:10.978 --> 00:08:13.314
- - MEANWHILE IN FRANCE, THE ONGOING MUSLIM
- 00:08:13.380 --> 00:08:15.616
- INVASION INTO WESTERN EUROPE WAS FINALLY HALTED
- 00:08:15.683 --> 00:08:18.419
- BY CHARLES MARTEL IN THE BATTLE OF TOURS WHICH
- 00:08:18.485 --> 00:08:22.389
- WAS NOTEABLY ONE WITHOUT CAVALRY.
- 00:08:22.456 --> 00:08:24.224
- THIS VICTORY ENSURED HIS FAMILY DYNASTY,
- 00:08:24.291 --> 00:08:27.094
- THE CAROLINGIANS.
- 00:08:27.161 --> 00:08:28.796
- HIS GRANDSON, CHARLES THE GREAT OR CHARLEMAGNE
- 00:08:28.862 --> 00:08:32.766
- BECAME A PROMINENT FIGURE IN EUROPEAN HISTORY.
- 00:08:32.833 --> 00:08:35.302
- HE REACHED THE HEIGHT OF POWER WHEN HE WAS CROWNED
- 00:08:35.369 --> 00:08:38.572
- EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS BY POPE LEO THE THIRD ON
- 00:08:38.639 --> 00:08:41.575
- CHRISTMAS DAY AD 800 IN SAINT PETERS'S
- 00:08:41.642 --> 00:08:45.279
- BASILICA IN ROME.
- 00:08:45.346 --> 00:08:46.947
- - CHARLEMAGNE WAS A RULER COMING INTO WHAT
- 00:08:47.014 --> 00:08:51.986
- HAD BEEN GALL.
- 00:08:52.052 --> 00:08:53.654
- IT WAS NOW CALLED THE KINGDOM OF THE FRANKS.
- 00:08:53.721 --> 00:08:55.789
- WITHIN THIS WORLD, THIS WORLD STRETCHED THROUGH
- 00:08:55.856 --> 00:08:59.393
- FRANCE INTO THE RHINELAND INTO WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE
- 00:08:59.460 --> 00:09:03.497
- NETHERLANDS AS FAR AS SWITZERLAND INTO GERMANY,
- 00:09:03.564 --> 00:09:06.667
- A VAST AREA OF CENTRAL EUROPE CAME UNDER
- 00:09:06.734 --> 00:09:09.803
- HIS CONTROL.
- 00:09:09.870 --> 00:09:11.071
- CHARLEMAGNE WAS ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL
- 00:09:11.138 --> 00:09:14.108
- SEIZERS OF AN OPPORTUNITY IN HISTORY.
- 00:09:14.174 --> 00:09:16.243
- A MAN WHO HAD NO REAL CLAIM TO POWER.
- 00:09:16.310 --> 00:09:19.947
- HE SEIZED IT FROM AN ANCIENT DYNASTY WHICH HAD
- 00:09:20.014 --> 00:09:24.118
- WORKED ITSELF OUT, AND TOOK ON THE MOST POTENT
- 00:09:24.184 --> 00:09:29.189
- IDEA OF POWER THAT HE COULD WHICH WAS TO BE AN
- 00:09:29.256 --> 00:09:32.926
- EMPEROR, AN EMPEROR LIKE A ROMAN EMPEROR.
- 00:09:32.993 --> 00:09:36.430
- - HE COULD READ BUT COULDN'T WRITE BECAUSE HE
- 00:09:36.497 --> 00:09:41.101
- HAD SPENT SO MUCH TIME WIELDING A SWORD.
- 00:09:41.168 --> 00:09:43.303
- SWORDS AT THAT TIME WERE REALLY HEAVY THINGS THAT YOU
- 00:09:43.370 --> 00:09:45.572
- SORT OF HANDLE LIKE A BAT, AND HE HAD PEOPLE
- 00:09:45.639 --> 00:09:48.342
- READ TO HIM.
- 00:09:48.409 --> 00:09:49.777
- AND HE WAS VERY MUCH IN FAVOR OF EDUCATION.
- 00:09:49.843 --> 00:09:52.413
- HE BROUGHT FAMOUS --FROM ENGLAND OUT FROM YORK TO
- 00:09:52.479 --> 00:09:54.948
- COME AND REFORM THE SCHOOLS.
- 00:09:55.015 --> 00:09:56.917
- - HE SAW THAT THE KEY TO THIS EMPIRE OF THE
- 00:09:56.984 --> 00:10:00.287
- MIND WHICH HE WANTED TO TURN INTO A REAL EMPIRE
- 00:10:00.354 --> 00:10:02.923
- WAS TO FEED THE MIND, AND FEED IT WITH THE
- 00:10:02.990 --> 00:10:07.494
- LITERATURE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD AND OF THE CHURCH
- 00:10:07.561 --> 00:10:11.131
- WHICH HAD COME FROM THAT ANCIENT WORLD.
- 00:10:11.198 --> 00:10:13.167
- HE NEVER FORMALLY CALLED THIS THE HOLY
- 00:10:13.233 --> 00:10:15.135
- ROMAN EMPIRE.
- 00:10:15.202 --> 00:10:16.270
- THAT WOULD BE HIS SUCCESSORS, BUT THAT'S
- 00:10:16.336 --> 00:10:17.705
- WHAT IT WAS.
- 00:10:17.771 --> 00:10:19.473
- IT WAS AN AMALGAM OF THE ANCIENT WORLD AND THE
- 00:10:19.540 --> 00:10:23.343
- CHURCH WHICH WOULD BE BASED ON THEIR
- 00:10:23.410 --> 00:10:25.279
- LITERATURE, BOTH THE LITERATURE AVAILABLE FROM
- 00:10:25.345 --> 00:10:28.782
- PRE CHRISTIAN ROME BUT ALSO EVERYTHING, THE BIBLE
- 00:10:28.849 --> 00:10:32.486
- AND THEOLOGY AND THE EARLY FATHERS OF THE
- 00:10:32.553 --> 00:10:35.589
- CHURCH, ALL THESE WERE NEEDED TO BE COPIED OUT IN
- 00:10:35.656 --> 00:10:39.760
- TEXT IN HUGE QUANTITIES.
- 00:10:39.827 --> 00:10:41.528
- IT WOULD HAVE TO BE DONE QUICKLY, SO THEY INVENTED
- 00:10:41.595 --> 00:10:43.731
- A SKRIT, A NEW SKRIT TO DO IT IN.
- 00:10:43.797 --> 00:10:46.233
- LITTLE LETTERS RATHER THAN THE BIG FORMAL
- 00:10:46.300 --> 00:10:48.435
- CAPITALS, AND IT WAS MINUSCULE.
- 00:10:48.502 --> 00:10:50.804
- CAROLINGIAN MINISCULE, AND YOU SEE IT ON THE
- 00:10:50.871 --> 00:10:53.941
- PRINTED PAGE IN THE BOOKS YOU OPEN TODAY.
- 00:10:54.007 --> 00:10:56.343
- THAT'S ITS DESCENDENT.
- 00:10:56.410 --> 00:10:57.878
- - SO HIS WORK WAS NOT SO MUCH IN SPREADING
- 00:10:57.945 --> 00:10:59.980
- CHRISTIANITY OF MISSION WORK.
- 00:11:00.047 --> 00:11:01.849
- HIS WORK WAS MOSTLY IN REFORMING THE CHURCH
- 00:11:01.915 --> 00:11:04.918
- WITHIN HIS EMPIRE BY MEANS OF
- 00:11:04.985 --> 00:11:07.054
- BETTER EDUCATION.
- 00:11:07.121 --> 00:11:08.455
- - CHARLEMAGNE EDUCATED AND UNITED A NEW ROMAN
- 00:11:08.522 --> 00:11:11.625
- EMPIRE, A CHRISTIAN EMPIRE THAT WAS NOW
- 00:11:11.692 --> 00:11:14.695
- BETTER EQUIPPED THAN EVER BEFORE.
- 00:11:14.762 --> 00:11:17.297
- WHEN HE DIED IN AACHEN, GERMANY IN A.D.
- 00:11:17.364 --> 00:11:20.701
- 814, THE WESTERN CHURCH HAD UNDERGONE A CULTURAL
- 00:11:20.768 --> 00:11:23.070
- AND INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL.
- 00:11:23.137 --> 00:11:25.405
- THE CHURCH IN THE EAST WAS ALSO
- 00:11:25.472 --> 00:11:28.408
- EXPERIENCING CHANGE.
- 00:11:28.475 --> 00:11:29.777
- ABOUT THE TIME OF CHARLEMAGNE'S DEATH, 2 BROTHERS
- 00:11:29.843 --> 00:11:33.313
- WERE BORN IN THE CITY OF THESSALONICA OF THE
- 00:11:33.380 --> 00:11:35.716
- BYZANTINE EMPIRE.
- 00:11:35.783 --> 00:11:37.384
- THEIR NAMES WERE CONSTANTINE, RENAMED
- 00:11:37.451 --> 00:11:39.787
- CYRIL AND MICHAEL RENAMED METHODIUS.
- 00:11:39.853 --> 00:11:43.056
- IN A.D. 860,
- 00:11:43.123 --> 00:11:44.291
- THE EMPEROR MICHAEL SENT THE BROTHERS ON A
- 00:11:44.358 --> 00:11:47.561
- MISSIONARY EXPEDITION TO THE CAZARES. THE BROTHERS
- 00:11:47.628 --> 00:11:51.298
- MISSION MADE A LASTING IMPRESSION.
- 00:11:51.365 --> 00:11:53.767
- THEY BEGAN THE WORK WHICH WOULD SOLIDIFY
- 00:11:53.834 --> 00:11:56.470
- THEIR PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY
- 00:11:56.537 --> 00:11:58.972
- AND GIVE THEM THE NAME THE APOSTLES TO
- 00:11:59.039 --> 00:12:00.808
- THE SLAVS.
- 00:12:00.874 --> 00:12:02.276
- - THEY WERE SENT BY MIKE THE THIRD TO ARREST
- 00:12:02.342 --> 00:12:06.446
- THE PRINCE OF MORAVIA.
- 00:12:06.513 --> 00:12:10.417
- AT THAT TIME THERE WERE ALREADY CHRISTIANITY -THE
- 00:12:10.484 --> 00:12:15.189
- CHRISTIANITY WAS ALREADY SPREADING IN THE
- 00:12:15.255 --> 00:12:17.424
- SOUTHEASTERN RUSSIA.
- 00:12:17.491 --> 00:12:19.726
- ROSTISLAV WAS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE AND WANTED
- 00:12:19.793 --> 00:12:22.462
- TO BRING A RELIGION THAT COULD BE TAUGHT AND
- 00:12:22.529 --> 00:12:26.233
- EXPLAINED IN NATIVE LANGUAGE, SO INSTEAD OF
- 00:12:26.300 --> 00:12:30.871
- TURNING TO ROME WHO WAS ALREADY SENDING
- 00:12:30.938 --> 00:12:33.574
- EMISSARIES, HE TURNED TO THE EAST TO
- 00:12:33.640 --> 00:12:37.845
- CONSTANTINOPLE AND ASKED EMPEROR MICHAEL THE THIRD
- 00:12:37.911 --> 00:12:41.281
- TO SEND SOME MISSIONARIES WHO CAN COME AND TEACH
- 00:12:41.348 --> 00:12:46.553
- HIS PEOPLE TO EMBRACE CHRISTIANITY IN THEIR
- 00:12:46.620 --> 00:12:49.556
- NATIVE LANGUAGE.
- 00:12:49.623 --> 00:12:51.625
- - THERE WAS NO WAY OF WRITING THE SLAVIC
- 00:12:51.692 --> 00:12:55.596
- LANGUAGES, SO THEY PRODUCED ENOUGH OF IT, THERE IS A
- 00:12:55.662 --> 00:13:00.667
- SLIGHT VARIATION OF THE GREEK ALPHABET.
- 00:13:00.734 --> 00:13:02.169
- THEY WERE REALLY ORIGINAL FROM THE EASTERN CHURCH.
- 00:13:02.236 --> 00:13:04.571
- - AND CREATED A SCRIPT THAT WAS CALLED GLAGOLITIC
- 00:13:04.638 --> 00:13:10.611
- OR -- SO THE FIRST SCRIPT THAT LATER BECAME
- 00:13:10.677 --> 00:13:15.883
- ALL SLAVANIC LANGUAGE.
- 00:13:15.949 --> 00:13:18.252
- THE ENTERPRISE WAS VERY SUCCESSFUL IN THE FACT
- 00:13:18.318 --> 00:13:23.190
- THAT PEOPLE EMBRACED THE LANGUAGE, THE
- 00:13:23.257 --> 00:13:28.262
- WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND METHODIUS TRANSLATED MOST
- 00:13:28.328 --> 00:13:32.165
- OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, PSALMS AND DEFINITELY ALL
- 00:13:32.232 --> 00:13:33.834
- OF THE CHURCH LITURGY.
- 00:13:33.901 --> 00:13:35.969
- SO PEOPLE KNEW THIS LANGUAGE WAS A LITTLE BIT
- 00:13:36.036 --> 00:13:39.072
- DIFFERENT THAN THEY'RE USED TO BUT THEY ALSO
- 00:13:39.139 --> 00:13:42.042
- KNEW IT'S A SPECIAL LANGUAGE SET TO BE USED
- 00:13:42.109 --> 00:13:44.111
- IN CHURCH.
- 00:13:44.177 --> 00:13:45.812
- SO THAT PROMOTED THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
- 00:13:45.879 --> 00:13:48.515
- REALLY WELL.
- 00:13:48.582 --> 00:13:49.917
- - JOHN 1: 1 WERE THE FIRST WORDS TRANSLATED
- 00:13:49.983 --> 00:13:52.986
- INTO THE OLD SLAVANIC NOW RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.
- 00:13:53.053 --> 00:13:55.422
- LET'S HEAR IT.
- 00:13:55.489 --> 00:13:57.291
- [SPEAKING IN SLAVIC]
- 00:13:57.357 --> 00:14:04.665
- - NOW THE BIBLE TRANSLATED, OLD RUSSIA
- 00:14:04.731 --> 00:14:06.500
- WAS READY FOR THE NEW CHAPTER.
- 00:14:06.566 --> 00:14:08.302
- ITS HISTORY AS WE KNOW IT BEGAN WITH AN UNUSUAL
- 00:14:08.368 --> 00:14:10.671
- WARRIOR PRINCESS NAMED OLGA.
- 00:14:10.737 --> 00:14:12.806
- - OLGA IS IMPORTANT IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA
- 00:14:12.873 --> 00:14:15.575
- BECAUSE OF HER RULE.
- 00:14:15.642 --> 00:14:17.544
- HER HUSBAND EGAN WAS KILLED BY A
- 00:14:17.611 --> 00:14:21.415
- NEIGHBORING TRIBE.
- 00:14:21.481 --> 00:14:23.383
- SHE WAS A WIDOW WHICH IS VERY UNUSUAL AT THAT TIME
- 00:14:23.450 --> 00:14:28.822
- TO RULE FOR A WIDOW, AND SHE WAS VERY FIRM IN NOT
- 00:14:28.889 --> 00:14:35.262
- GETTING MARRIED AGAIN.
- 00:14:35.329 --> 00:14:36.964
- IT'S NOT QUITE CLEAR WHY SHE BECAME A CHRISTIAN OR
- 00:14:37.030 --> 00:14:39.700
- HOW SHE HEARD ABOUT IT.
- 00:14:39.766 --> 00:14:41.001
- IT'S CLEAR THAT THERE WERE CHRISTIAN
- 00:14:41.068 --> 00:14:44.438
- MISSIONARIES FROM CONSTANTINOPLE OR
- 00:14:44.504 --> 00:14:48.475
- BYZANTINE AT THAT TIME ALREADY AROUND HER, SO
- 00:14:48.542 --> 00:14:51.945
- SHE TRAVELED TO CONSTANTINOPLE AND SHE
- 00:14:52.012 --> 00:14:55.415
- ASKED THE EMPEROR HIMSELF CONSTANTINE TO BE
- 00:14:55.482 --> 00:15:00.587
- BAPTIZED BY HIM.
- 00:15:00.654 --> 00:15:03.023
- WHEN SHE CAME BACK, SHE STARTED EVANGELIZING BUT
- 00:15:03.090 --> 00:15:08.528
- HER SON WAS NOT INTERESTED IN
- 00:15:08.595 --> 00:15:12.299
- ACCEPTING CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:15:12.366 --> 00:15:13.633
- HE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE RIDICULOUS TO BECOME A
- 00:15:13.700 --> 00:15:17.571
- CHRISTIAN AMONG OTHER PAGAN LEADERS, BUT IT WAS
- 00:15:17.637 --> 00:15:20.540
- HER GRANDSON, VLADIMIR, WHO IS CREDITED WITH
- 00:15:20.607 --> 00:15:25.379
- FULLY BRINGING CHRISTIANITY TO RUSSIA.
- 00:15:25.445 --> 00:15:28.915
- -- TELLS THE STORY OF RUSSIA FROM MID 800'S.
- 00:15:28.982 --> 00:15:33.787
- VLADIMIR WAS INTERESTING IN THERE IS A REALLY BIG
- 00:15:33.854 --> 00:15:39.126
- CHANGE IN HIS LIFE AND IN HIS BEHAVIOR, IN HIS
- 00:15:39.192 --> 00:15:42.929
- ATTITUDE BEFORE HE BECAME A CHRISTIAN AND AFTER HE
- 00:15:42.996 --> 00:15:46.099
- BECAME A CHRISTIAN.
- 00:15:46.166 --> 00:15:47.834
- AS A PAGAN, HE WAS ANGRY, VERY VILE MAN, AND
- 00:15:47.901 --> 00:15:52.039
- HE ALSO WAS VERY PROMISCUOUS.
- 00:15:52.105 --> 00:15:54.374
- HE HAD MULTIPLE MULTIPLE WIVES.
- 00:15:54.441 --> 00:15:58.912
- VLADIMIR IS KNOWN FOR SENDING HIS ENVOYS ALL
- 00:15:58.979 --> 00:16:02.949
- OVER THE WORLD BECAUSE HE WANTED TO FIND A NEW
- 00:16:03.016 --> 00:16:08.655
- RELIGION FOR HIS PEOPLE THAT WOULD UNITE THEM BUT
- 00:16:08.722 --> 00:16:13.627
- IT WILL ALSO MAKE THEM DIFFERENT.
- 00:16:13.693 --> 00:16:17.998
- - AND ENVOYS CAME TO SAMPLED FAITH, THEY
- 00:16:18.065 --> 00:16:22.602
- SAMPLE, ISLAM, THEY SAMPLED LATIN
- 00:16:22.669 --> 00:16:25.806
- CHRISTIANITY, BYZANTINE CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:16:25.872 --> 00:16:28.875
- THEY WALKED INTO THIS CHURCH AND SAID THIS
- 00:16:28.942 --> 00:16:30.510
- IS HEAVEN.
- 00:16:30.577 --> 00:16:31.812
- THIS IS IT.
- 00:16:31.878 --> 00:16:33.346
- - AND THEN WE WENT ONTO GREECE, AND THE GREEKS
- 00:16:33.413 --> 00:16:35.816
- LED US TO THE EDIFICES WHERE THEY WORSHIP THEIR
- 00:16:35.882 --> 00:16:37.617
- GOD, AND WE KNEW NOT WHERE WE WERE, IN HEAVEN
- 00:16:37.684 --> 00:16:41.855
- OR AN EARTH FOR ON EARTH THERE IS NO SUCH SPLENDOR
- 00:16:41.922 --> 00:16:44.958
- OR SUCH BEAUTY, AND WE ARE AT A LOSS HOW TO
- 00:16:45.025 --> 00:16:47.627
- DESCRIBE IT.
- 00:16:47.694 --> 00:16:50.130
- - SO AFTER THAT REPORT, HE WAS REALLY MOVED, AND
- 00:16:50.197 --> 00:16:53.600
- HE REALLY WANTED TO EMBRACE THAT AND TO BE
- 00:16:53.667 --> 00:16:57.871
- PART OF THAT, SO HE TRAVELED TO
- 00:16:57.938 --> 00:17:01.842
- OUTSIDE CONSTANTINOPLE.
- 00:17:01.908 --> 00:17:04.945
- HE WAS BAPTIZED AND THEN HE MARRIED THE EMPEROR'S
- 00:17:05.011 --> 00:17:08.081
- SISTER, ANNA.
- 00:17:08.148 --> 00:17:11.852
- AND BOTH OF THEM CAME BACK TO RUSSIA.
- 00:17:11.918 --> 00:17:15.155
- HE BROUGHT ALL THE PEOPLE TOGETHER, SENT THEM INTO
- 00:17:15.222 --> 00:17:18.125
- THE RIVER VOLGA AND THAT WAS PROBABLY THE FIRST
- 00:17:18.191 --> 00:17:22.062
- MASSIVE BAPTISM BECAUSE THOUSANDS WERE BAPTIZED.
- 00:17:22.129 --> 00:17:25.999
- THE SAME HAPPENED IN --IN THE RIVER --.
- 00:17:26.066 --> 00:17:33.974
- VLADIMIR WAS THE FIRST TO BUILD A STONE CHURCH.
- 00:17:34.040 --> 00:17:39.012
- AND THERE WAS A VERY BEAUTIFUL WHITE
- 00:17:39.079 --> 00:17:41.681
- STONE CHURCH.
- 00:17:41.748 --> 00:17:43.550
- IT WAS VERY IMPORTANT IN THE DAILY SERVICES, AND
- 00:17:43.617 --> 00:17:47.621
- THEN THIS IS WHERE HE AND HIS WIFE ANNA
- 00:17:47.687 --> 00:17:51.324
- WERE BURIED.
- 00:17:51.391 --> 00:17:53.493
- - FOR OVER A THOUSAND YEARS, RUSSIA REMAINED A
- 00:17:53.560 --> 00:17:55.495
- CHRISTIAN NATION.
- 00:17:55.562 --> 00:17:57.664
- CHRISTIANITY SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE AND
- 00:17:57.731 --> 00:17:59.866
- BECAME A SYMBOL OF NATIONAL IDENTITY
- 00:17:59.933 --> 00:18:01.868
- AFFECTING EVERY AREA OF LIFE.
- 00:18:01.935 --> 00:18:04.371
- EVEN TODAY THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE HAS MANY PHRASES
- 00:18:04.437 --> 00:18:06.907
- AND COMMON IDIOMS THAT COME DIRECTLY FROM
- 00:18:06.973 --> 00:18:09.476
- THE BIBLE.
- 00:18:09.543 --> 00:18:12.212
- FOR EXAMPLE, THE WORD FOR THANK YOU [SPEAKING
- 00:18:12.279 --> 00:18:15.448
- RUSSIAN ] ACTUALLY COMES FROM THE PHASE [SPEAKING
- 00:18:15.515 --> 00:18:18.251
- RUSSIAN ] WHICH MEANS GOD SAVES.
- 00:18:18.318 --> 00:18:21.421
- SO EVERY TIME YOU THANK SOMEONE, YOU'RE ACTUALLY
- 00:18:21.488 --> 00:18:23.990
- THANKING GOD FOR ALLOWING YOU TO BE HERE.
- 00:18:24.057 --> 00:18:26.526
- AT THE SAME TIME, THE REST OF CHRISTIAN EUROPE
- 00:18:26.593 --> 00:18:29.196
- WAS CONTENDING WITH A HISTORIC SPLIT FUELED BY
- 00:18:29.262 --> 00:18:31.665
- POLITICAL AND RELIGION TENSIONS.
- 00:18:31.731 --> 00:18:34.434
- THE SCHISM OF 1054 ESSENTIALLY SPLINTERED
- 00:18:34.501 --> 00:18:37.137
- MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY INTO 2 BRANCHES, THE
- 00:18:37.204 --> 00:18:39.906
- LATIN WEST CENTERED IN ROME, AND THE GREEK EAST
- 00:18:39.973 --> 00:18:42.676
- CENTERED IN CONSTANTINOPLE.
- 00:18:42.742 --> 00:18:46.513
- - FOR THE EARLIEST CHURCH IN THE FIRST
- 00:18:46.580 --> 00:18:48.715
- CENTURY THEY HAD COMMUNION EVERY DAY.
- 00:18:48.782 --> 00:18:50.550
- THIS WAS PART OF THEIR IDENTITY AND THEIR LINK
- 00:18:50.617 --> 00:18:52.852
- WITH THE VERY JESUS OF THE TEXT, SO HOW YOU
- 00:18:52.919 --> 00:18:54.821
- TREATED THE BLOOD AND THE BODY OF CHRIST WAS
- 00:18:54.888 --> 00:18:57.891
- EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, AND IT WAS WORTH FOR THEM TO
- 00:18:57.958 --> 00:19:01.061
- DIVIDE, AND TO THIS DAY THERE STILL IS
- 00:19:01.127 --> 00:19:05.265
- AN EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCH AMONG
- 00:19:05.332 --> 00:19:07.300
- THOSE STRANDS.
- 00:19:07.367 --> 00:19:11.538
- - FOR THE CHURCH SPLIT IN 2, THE MONASTIC
- 00:19:11.605 --> 00:19:14.040
- MOVEMENT CONTINUED TO SPREAD THROUGHOUT BOTH
- 00:19:14.107 --> 00:19:16.876
- THE EAST AND THE WEST.
- 00:19:16.943 --> 00:19:18.645
- - ALL THESE PEOPLE HAVE BEEN TRAINING FOR AND
- 00:19:18.712 --> 00:19:20.680
- PREPARING FOR MARTEL.
- 00:19:20.747 --> 00:19:22.649
- I HAVE TO BE A CHRISTIAN OF SUCH CONVICTION THAT
- 00:19:22.716 --> 00:19:27.454
- I'M READY TO DIE.
- 00:19:27.520 --> 00:19:29.222
- AND THEN SUDDENLY EVERYTHING CHANGES.
- 00:19:29.289 --> 00:19:31.358
- AND NOW IT'S OKAY TO BE A CHRISTIAN, AND WHAT DO
- 00:19:31.424 --> 00:19:34.394
- YOU DO WITH ALL THAT ZEAL?
- 00:19:34.461 --> 00:19:36.663
- YOU BEGIN WONDERING ABOUT ALL THIS CHEAP CHRISTIANITY
- 00:19:36.730 --> 00:19:38.999
- THAT'S DEVELOPING AROUND YOU AND ONE OF THE
- 00:19:39.065 --> 00:19:41.801
- OPTIONS, THERE ARE MANY OPTIONS BUT ONE IS SAYING
- 00:19:41.868 --> 00:19:43.670
- I'M GONNA GO AWAY SOMEPLACE AND GET AWAY
- 00:19:43.737 --> 00:19:46.306
- FROM THIS CORRUPT SOCIETY.
- 00:19:46.373 --> 00:19:47.974
- BEFORE I WAS AWAY FROM THE CORRUPT SOCIETY
- 00:19:48.041 --> 00:19:49.643
- BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T WANT ME, BUT NOW I'M GONNA BE
- 00:19:49.709 --> 00:19:51.878
- AWAY FROM IT BECAUSE I DON'T WANT TO BE LIKE THEM.
- 00:19:51.945 --> 00:19:54.047
- IT WAS MORE THE WILDERNESS. AND THEY'LL GO THERE
- 00:19:54.114 --> 00:19:57.417
- AND APPARENTLY THEY WENT BY THEMSELVES.
- 00:19:57.484 --> 00:20:00.553
- AND THEY EVENTUALLY BEGAN FORMING GROUPS AND SO ON.
- 00:20:00.620 --> 00:20:03.290
- - ONE OF THE MOST NOTABLE FIGURES OF THE
- 00:20:03.356 --> 00:20:04.858
- MOVEMENT WAS AN ITALIAN, GIOVANNI DI PIETRO DI
- 00:20:04.924 --> 00:20:09.162
- BERNARDONE, WHO BASED HIS LIFE AND HIS ORDER
- 00:20:09.229 --> 00:20:12.932
- ON ONE SIMPLE RULE.
- 00:20:12.999 --> 00:20:15.101
- TO FOLLOW THE TEACHINGS OF CHRIST AND
- 00:20:15.168 --> 00:20:16.903
- TO WALK IN HIS FOOTSTEPS.
- 00:20:16.970 --> 00:20:19.272
- HE WOULD LATER BECOME ONE OF THE MOST BELOVED
- 00:20:19.339 --> 00:20:21.708
- SAINTS OF THE CHURCH, SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI.
- 00:20:21.775 --> 00:20:26.079
- - SO FRANCIS IS GROWING UP IN THIS NEW ECONOMY,
- 00:20:26.146 --> 00:20:28.748
- THIS MONEY ECONOMY.
- 00:20:28.815 --> 00:20:31.184
- HIS FATHER IS MAKING MONEY, HIS FATHER IS A MERCHANT.
- 00:20:31.251 --> 00:20:33.787
- SO ONE DAY HE COMES AND HE TELLS HIS BUDDIES
- 00:20:33.853 --> 00:20:38.258
- AFTER HE'S BEEN AWAY, I GOT MARRIED!
- 00:20:38.325 --> 00:20:41.361
- WHO? WHAT? WHO DID HE MARRY?
- 00:20:41.428 --> 00:20:44.998
- MADONNA POVERTA. MADAM POVERTY.
- 00:20:45.065 --> 00:20:48.468
- AT THAT POINT HE DECIDED HE WAS GOING TO BE POOR.
- 00:20:48.535 --> 00:20:52.305
- WELL HIS FATHER DIDN'T LIKE THAT.
- 00:20:52.372 --> 00:20:54.307
- HE SAYS WHAT ARE YOU DOING?
- 00:20:54.374 --> 00:20:56.676
- I'M FEEDING YOU, I'M GIVING YOU MY CLOTHES,
- 00:20:56.743 --> 00:20:58.645
- YOU ARE AGAINST ALL THAT I AM ABOUT!
- 00:20:58.712 --> 00:21:02.315
- AND HE SAID OKAY, I DON'T WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU,
- 00:21:02.382 --> 00:21:04.951
- SO HE TAKES OFF ALL HIS CLOTHES AND GIVES THEM
- 00:21:05.018 --> 00:21:06.586
- BACK TO HIM AND OFF AWAY NAKED HE GOES
- 00:21:06.653 --> 00:21:08.755
- OFF TO THE WOODS.
- 00:21:08.822 --> 00:21:10.824
- THAT'S THE MAKING OF A SAINT.
- 00:21:10.890 --> 00:21:14.027
- IT'S A DIFFERENT KIND OF SAINT.
- 00:21:14.094 --> 00:21:15.628
- HE'S COMMITTED TO IT AND BECAUSE OF THAT,
- 00:21:15.695 --> 00:21:19.032
- IMMEDIATELY HE BEGINS HAVING MORE PEOPLE AROUND HIM.
- 00:21:19.099 --> 00:21:22.969
- AND THEN HE WANTS TO ORGANIZE THESE PEOPLE.
- 00:21:23.036 --> 00:21:30.076
- HE GOES TO ROME TO GET PERMISSION FROM THE POPE,
- 00:21:30.143 --> 00:21:36.583
- AT THAT POINT HAPPENS TO BE INNOCENT III, MOST
- 00:21:36.649 --> 00:21:38.518
- POWERFUL POPE THERE'S EVER BEEN.
- 00:21:38.585 --> 00:21:41.121
- INNOCENT, ACCORDING TO THE PEOPLE TELLS US FROM
- 00:21:41.187 --> 00:21:43.790
- THE CHRONICLES SAY INNOCENT TO HIM, YOU
- 00:21:43.857 --> 00:21:46.359
- SMELL LIKE A PIG! GO WALLOW AMONG THE PIGS!
- 00:21:46.426 --> 00:21:51.698
- SO HE BOWS, HE GOES AWAY, HE COMES BACK AFTER A
- 00:21:51.765 --> 00:21:54.601
- WHILE COVERED WITH MUD AND SAID FATHER, I'VE
- 00:21:54.667 --> 00:21:57.604
- DONE AS YOU COMMANDED, NOW WILL YOU DO AS I PRAY?
- 00:21:57.670 --> 00:22:01.040
- AND FRANCIS, INNOCENT WAS SMART ENOUGH TO SEE THAT
- 00:22:01.107 --> 00:22:06.613
- THERE WAS SOMETHING HERE HE BETTER SUPPORT.
- 00:22:06.679 --> 00:22:09.382
- - ONE OF THE THINGS THAT MADE HIM SO POPULAR WAS
- 00:22:09.449 --> 00:22:12.352
- HIS DESIRE FOR PEACE, SO FROM 1095 TO 1492,
- 00:22:12.419 --> 00:22:18.224
- YOU HAVE A SERIES OF CRUSADES THAT COULD
- 00:22:18.291 --> 00:22:20.827
- HAVE LASTED LONGER.
- 00:22:20.894 --> 00:22:23.263
- THE CRUSADES REFLECTED THE ANGER THAT MANY OF
- 00:22:23.329 --> 00:22:27.000
- THE WESTERN CHRISTIANS ESPECIALLY HAD WITH
- 00:22:27.066 --> 00:22:29.869
- MUSLIMS AND SOME OF THEIR HOLY AREAS.
- 00:22:29.936 --> 00:22:33.573
- IN FACT IN 1219, HE WENT TO EGYPT TO MEET WITH THE
- 00:22:33.640 --> 00:22:36.876
- SULTAN TRYING TO CONVERT HIM, BUT ULTIMATELY
- 00:22:36.943 --> 00:22:39.779
- WANTING TO END THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE
- 00:22:39.846 --> 00:22:42.982
- CHRISTIANS AND THE MUSLIMS.
- 00:22:43.049 --> 00:22:44.918
- IN FACT, THAT HAD A BEARING ON A LOT OF
- 00:22:44.984 --> 00:22:47.420
- PEOPLE AS WE WOULD SEE WITH PEOPLE WANTING TO DO
- 00:22:47.487 --> 00:22:51.458
- THINGS TO HELP THOSE WHO ARE DISENFRANCHISED.
- 00:22:51.524 --> 00:22:55.061
- OF COURSE ST. FRANCIS WOULD HAVE SO MANY
- 00:22:55.128 --> 00:22:57.197
- FOLLOWERS AND HE STARTED THE FRANCISCAN ORDER.
- 00:22:57.263 --> 00:22:59.999
- SO THE FRANCISCANS WERE MUCH BELOVED AND SOME
- 00:23:00.066 --> 00:23:03.736
- PEOPLE WANTED THEM, WITH THEM WHEN THEY WENT TO A
- 00:23:03.803 --> 00:23:07.040
- NEW TERRITORY SAID THEY COULD HAVE PEOPLE THAT
- 00:23:07.106 --> 00:23:09.776
- WEREN'T TRYING TO ACQUIRE THINGS OR TO BECOME
- 00:23:09.843 --> 00:23:12.312
- WEALTHY, SO IT WAS REFRESHING TO HAVE THIS
- 00:23:12.378 --> 00:23:16.416
- GROUP OF MENDICANTS OR PEOPLE DENY THEMSELVES
- 00:23:16.483 --> 00:23:19.786
- TO EMULATE JESUS.
- 00:23:19.853 --> 00:23:24.991
- [MUSIC]
- 00:23:25.058 --> 00:23:38.471
- THAT CAUGHT ON, AND THERE BECAME THESE CELLS AND
- 00:23:38.538 --> 00:23:41.007
- THESE GROUPS AND BUILDINGS IN SCHOOLS
- 00:23:41.074 --> 00:23:43.977
- THROUGHOUT EUROPE.
- 00:23:44.043 --> 00:23:46.746
- - WOMEN DID THE SAME THING.
- 00:23:46.813 --> 00:23:48.214
- I THINK WOMEN ALSO DID THAT FOR ANOTHER REASON.
- 00:23:48.281 --> 00:23:51.651
- THERE WERE NOT TOO MANY OPTIONS FOR A WOMAN WHO
- 00:23:51.718 --> 00:23:53.253
- DOES NOT WANT TO BE SUBJECT TO A MAN,
- 00:23:53.319 --> 00:23:56.556
- WHO WANTS TO BE ABLE TO DO, TO THINK FOR HERSELF.
- 00:23:56.623 --> 00:24:00.360
- THERE'S A LETTER FROM CYPRIAN LATER THAT HE
- 00:24:00.426 --> 00:24:04.063
- WRITES TO A WOMAN AND HE SAYS IF YOU DO THIS, YOU
- 00:24:04.130 --> 00:24:09.168
- WILL BE FREE FROM THE CURSES OF GENESIS BECAUSE
- 00:24:09.235 --> 00:24:13.806
- YOU WILL NO LONGER BE SUBJECT TO A MAN AND YOU
- 00:24:13.873 --> 00:24:15.909
- WILL NO LONGER HAVE PAIN IN CHILDBIRTH.
- 00:24:15.975 --> 00:24:19.078
- - ONE OF THE PEOPLE THAT CAME ON THE SCENE,
- 00:24:19.145 --> 00:24:21.114
- PERHAPS ONE OF THE MOST WRITTEN ABOUT INDIVIDUALS
- 00:24:21.180 --> 00:24:23.883
- AND CERTAINLY ENGAGING STORY TO READ AND A MAJOR
- 00:24:23.950 --> 00:24:28.288
- PART OF HISTORY AND THAT'S CATHERINE OF SIENA.
- 00:24:28.354 --> 00:24:31.090
- - IN 1347, A GIRL NAMED CATHERINE WAS BORN IN
- 00:24:31.157 --> 00:24:34.360
- SIENA, ITALY JUST MONTHS BEFORE THE BLACK DEATH
- 00:24:34.427 --> 00:24:37.430
- SWEPT THROUGH EUROPE.
- 00:24:37.497 --> 00:24:39.532
- CATHERINE WAS ONE OF 25 SIBLINGS MOST OF WHOM
- 00:24:39.599 --> 00:24:43.102
- DIED IN CHILDHOOD.
- 00:24:43.169 --> 00:24:45.305
- EVEN HER TWIN SISTER DID NOT SURVIVE.
- 00:24:45.371 --> 00:24:48.241
- DURING THIS DARK TIME IN EUROPEAN HISTORY, WITH A
- 00:24:48.308 --> 00:24:51.177
- THIRD OF THE POPULATION DECIMATED BY THE PLAGUE,
- 00:24:51.244 --> 00:24:54.347
- HOW DID THIS YOUNG WOMAN BECOME A WELL-KNOWN
- 00:24:54.414 --> 00:24:57.383
- PUBLIC FIGURE, A REFORMER, A WRITER, A
- 00:24:57.450 --> 00:25:01.120
- POLITICAL ACTIVIST WHO WAS ABLE TO INFLUENCE THE
- 00:25:01.187 --> 00:25:05.091
- CHURCH AND CIVIL POLICIES OF HER TIME.
- 00:25:05.158 --> 00:25:08.628
- LET'S START OUR STORY WHEN LITTLE CATHERINE WAS
- 00:25:08.695 --> 00:25:11.130
- LIVING IN HER FAMILY HOME.
- 00:25:11.197 --> 00:25:13.232
- HER FATHER WAS A CLOTH DYER.
- 00:25:13.299 --> 00:25:15.902
- SHE OFTEN SPENT HER DAYS BY THE MAIN CITY FOUNTAIN,
- 00:25:15.969 --> 00:25:20.907
- LOCATED JUST BELOW HER FAMILY HOME IN SIENA.
- 00:25:20.974 --> 00:25:25.244
- - TODAY WHEN WE THINK OF CATHERINE OF SIENA, WE
- 00:25:25.311 --> 00:25:28.314
- THINK OF ONE OF THE ONLY FOUR WOMEN DOCTORS IN THE
- 00:25:28.381 --> 00:25:31.684
- CATHOLIC CHURCH, MEANING ONE OF THE BRIGHTEST
- 00:25:31.751 --> 00:25:34.954
- PEOPLE OF THEOLOGY IN THEIR WHOLE TRADITION
- 00:25:35.021 --> 00:25:37.357
- FOR ALL TIMES.
- 00:25:37.423 --> 00:25:39.225
- WELL IT BEGAN IN A HOUSE IN SIENA WHERE SHE WOULD
- 00:25:39.292 --> 00:25:42.395
- RUN DOWN THE STEPS AND LOVED TO PLAY IN THE
- 00:25:42.462 --> 00:25:44.364
- FOUNTAIN, AND THEIR FATHER TO JOIN UP BUT HER
- 00:25:44.430 --> 00:25:48.434
- PARENTS ALSO KNEW THAT OUT OF THEIR 25 CHILDREN,
- 00:25:48.501 --> 00:25:53.473
- SHE WAS DIFFERENT.
- 00:25:53.539 --> 00:25:57.110
- SHE STARTED SEEING VISIONS EARLY,
- 00:25:57.176 --> 00:26:00.146
- AND BY SEVEN SHE HAD A MAJOR VISION.
- 00:26:00.213 --> 00:26:04.317
- IN FACT, IT WAS SO STRONG THAT SHE ENDED UP MOVING
- 00:26:04.384 --> 00:26:09.322
- INTO THE BASEMENT AND DENYING HERSELF OF THE
- 00:26:09.389 --> 00:26:13.426
- THINGS THAT SHE THOUGHT GAVE PLEASURE IN THIS
- 00:26:13.493 --> 00:26:17.830
- WORLD BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO FOCUS ON CHRIST, AND
- 00:26:17.897 --> 00:26:20.667
- SO IN THE BASEMENT OF HER HOUSE, HE PARENTS LET HER
- 00:26:20.733 --> 00:26:23.736
- SLEEP ON A BOARD WITH A LOG FOR A PILLOW.
- 00:26:23.803 --> 00:26:29.342
- SHE WENT THROUGH A SPECIAL PERIOD FROM 13 TO
- 00:26:29.409 --> 00:26:32.011
- 16 YEARS OF AGE WHERE SHE HAD HAD THIS VISION THAT
- 00:26:32.078 --> 00:26:36.916
- SHE WAS MARRIED TO CHRIST.
- 00:26:36.983 --> 00:26:40.787
- AT 16, HER SISTER, ONE OF HER BEST FRIENDS, DIED IN
- 00:26:40.853 --> 00:26:46.459
- CHILDBIRTH, AND IT WAS A TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE FOR
- 00:26:46.526 --> 00:26:52.965
- HER BECAUSE ALSO HER PARENTS WANTED TO BETROTH
- 00:26:53.032 --> 00:26:57.670
- HER TO HER SISTER'S HUSBAND, AND SHE SO
- 00:26:57.737 --> 00:27:01.774
- REFUSED, SHE WAS STILL GETTING OVER THE PAIN OF
- 00:27:01.841 --> 00:27:04.043
- LOSING HER SISTER THAT SHE CUT HER HAIR OFF AND
- 00:27:04.110 --> 00:27:08.114
- JOINED THE THIRD DOMINICAN ORDER, AND BY
- 00:27:08.181 --> 00:27:13.886
- THIS TIME SHE ALREADY HAD A FOLLOWING, AND SHE
- 00:27:13.953 --> 00:27:16.355
- ALREADY WAS RESPECTED FOR THE INTENSITY OF HER
- 00:27:16.422 --> 00:27:19.525
- RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE.
- 00:27:19.592 --> 00:27:23.062
- AND THERE STARTED TO RISE UP STORIES JUST LIKE IN
- 00:27:23.129 --> 00:27:26.699
- THE GOSPELS OF THESE MIRACLES HAPPENING AMONG
- 00:27:26.766 --> 00:27:30.203
- THESE PEOPLE THAT NO ONE ELSE WANTED TO HELP.
- 00:27:30.269 --> 00:27:35.208
- IN FACT, WITHIN THREE OR FOUR YEARS AFTER HER
- 00:27:35.274 --> 00:27:37.477
- BIRTH, A THIRD OF ALL EUROPE HAD ALREADY DIED
- 00:27:37.543 --> 00:27:40.279
- WITH BLACK PLAGUE, SO NOW IT HITS AGAIN AND SHE
- 00:27:40.346 --> 00:27:44.183
- BECOMES A HERO TO THE PEOPLE, A LIVING SAINT
- 00:27:44.250 --> 00:27:50.289
- FOR WHAT SHE DID AMONG THEM AND STARTED AN
- 00:27:50.356 --> 00:27:53.192
- INSTITUTION TO HELP THEM AND TO SYSTEMATIZE
- 00:27:53.259 --> 00:27:56.963
- WHAT SHE WAS DOING.
- 00:27:57.029 --> 00:27:59.232
- THAT NOT ONLY DREW THE ATTENTION OF A LOT OF
- 00:27:59.298 --> 00:28:00.867
- PEOPLE, IT ALSO EMBOLDENED HER, AND SHE
- 00:28:00.933 --> 00:28:03.836
- WAS SO FRUSTRATED AT A LOT OF WHAT WAS GOING ON,
- 00:28:03.903 --> 00:28:07.874
- BOTH AGAINST MUSLIMS, AGAINST DIFFERENT
- 00:28:07.940 --> 00:28:13.646
- ECONOMIC SITUATIONS AND SO FORTH, THAT SHE
- 00:28:13.713 --> 00:28:16.849
- THOUGHT A LOT OF THE PROBLEM HAD TO DO WITH
- 00:28:16.916 --> 00:28:20.253
- THE POPE NOT BEING AT THE SEAT OF SAINT PETER IN
- 00:28:20.319 --> 00:28:23.890
- ROME, SO SHE STARTED WRITING LETTERS TO THE POPE.
- 00:28:23.956 --> 00:28:28.528
- HERE IS A WOMAN AT A TIME WHEN WOMEN WEREN'T DOING
- 00:28:28.594 --> 00:28:31.030
- THIS, BUT SHE WAS SO FEISTY, AND SHE WOULD
- 00:28:31.097 --> 00:28:34.200
- PREACH TO CROWDS IN THE CITY SQUARE, AND SHE HAD
- 00:28:34.267 --> 00:28:37.537
- SERVED AND STARED DEATH IN THE FACE MANY TIMES.
- 00:28:37.603 --> 00:28:41.941
- WE HAVE AROUND 400 LETTERS THAT SHE WROTE,
- 00:28:42.008 --> 00:28:46.245
- AND SOME OF THOSE WERE TO THE POPE AT AVIGNON.
- 00:28:46.312 --> 00:28:51.117
- SO INSTEAD OF BEING IN ROME, THE POPE IS ALL THE
- 00:28:51.184 --> 00:28:56.455
- WAY IN THIS LITTLE TERRITORY OWNED BY THE
- 00:28:56.522 --> 00:28:59.625
- HOLY SEAT IN FRANCE, LONG WAY FROM WHERE SHE
- 00:28:59.692 --> 00:29:03.629
- BELIEVED THAT THE LEADER OF THE CHURCH SHOULD BE.
- 00:29:03.696 --> 00:29:08.901
- CATHERINE WRITES THIS TO POPE GREGORY THE ELEVENTH...
- 00:29:08.968 --> 00:29:13.840
- CATHERINE WOULD ACTUALLY GET AUDIENCE
- 00:29:24.283 --> 00:29:26.052
- FOR THE POPE, AND SHE VISITED HIM.
- 00:29:26.118 --> 00:29:28.621
- IN FACT, SHORTLY AFTER SHE VISITED,
- 00:29:28.688 --> 00:29:32.325
- HE RETURNED TO ROME.
- 00:29:32.391 --> 00:29:34.393
- DURING THE LATTER PART OF HER LIFE, SHE HAD TRUSTED
- 00:29:34.460 --> 00:29:38.598
- TO HER SECRETARIES THE SUPPORT STAFF AROUND HER
- 00:29:38.664 --> 00:29:42.001
- TO WRITE THE WORK THAT BECAME KNOWN AS
- 00:29:42.068 --> 00:29:45.404
- THE DIALOGUE, WHICH IS REPUBLISHED EVERY COUPLE
- 00:29:45.471 --> 00:29:48.407
- OF YEARS TO THE PRESENT.
- 00:29:48.474 --> 00:29:51.177
- IT'S HARD FOR ME NOT TO READ OR TALK MUCH ABOUT
- 00:29:51.244 --> 00:29:55.248
- CATHERINE SIENA BEFORE THINKING OF HER VISION OF
- 00:29:55.314 --> 00:30:01.354
- CHRIST ON THE CROSS.
- 00:30:01.420 --> 00:30:03.456
- AND WHEN SHE LOOKED UP TO THE CRUCIFIXION IN THIS
- 00:30:03.522 --> 00:30:05.691
- VISION, SHE DIDN'T SEE A SUFFERING CHRIST.
- 00:30:05.758 --> 00:30:12.064
- SHE DIDN'T SEE NAILS HOLDING HIM TO THE WOOD.
- 00:30:12.131 --> 00:30:15.935
- SHE SAW STAIR STEPS TO HIS HEART.
- 00:30:16.002 --> 00:30:18.504
- - MY SON'S NAILED FEET ARE A STAIR BY WHICH YOU
- 00:30:18.571 --> 00:30:21.641
- CAN CLIMB TO HIS SIDE.
- 00:30:21.707 --> 00:30:23.776
- WHAT YOU WILL SEE REVEALED, HIS INMOST HEART.
- 00:30:23.843 --> 00:30:27.914
- FOR WHEN THE SOUL IS LOOKED WITH THE MINDS EYE
- 00:30:27.980 --> 00:30:30.416
- INTO MY SON'S OPEN HEART, SHE BEGINS TO FEEL THE
- 00:30:30.483 --> 00:30:33.786
- LOVE OF HER OWN HEART AND IS CONSUMMATE
- 00:30:33.853 --> 00:30:36.255
- IN UNSPEAKABLE LOVE.
- 00:30:36.322 --> 00:30:38.991
- - AND WHEN SHE DIED AT AGE 33, SAME AGE AS
- 00:30:39.058 --> 00:30:41.527
- JESUS, THERE WAS SUCH APPRECIATION FOR HER AND
- 00:30:41.594 --> 00:30:45.298
- SUCH STRONG ACCOUNTS OF MIRACLES ASSOCIATED WITH
- 00:30:45.364 --> 00:30:48.434
- HER IN THE VARIOUS VISIONS SHE HAD THAT WHEN
- 00:30:48.501 --> 00:30:52.838
- SHE DIED AND HER BODY WAS ENTERED IN A CHURCH IN
- 00:30:52.905 --> 00:30:56.142
- ROME THROUGH THE PAPAL CEREMONY, IT'S ALSO
- 00:30:56.208 --> 00:31:01.147
- ALLEGED THAT HER HEAD IS IN THE CHURCH OF
- 00:31:01.213 --> 00:31:03.449
- SAN D MENICO ABOVE HER HOUSE IN SIENA.
- 00:31:03.516 --> 00:31:07.019
- SO FROM THE VERY TIME THAT SHE DIED, SHE BECAME
- 00:31:07.086 --> 00:31:11.590
- PART OF THE FABRIC OF THE HERITAGE OF THE CHURCH,
- 00:31:11.657 --> 00:31:14.994
- THAT GREAT TAPESTRY THAT REACHES THE PRESENT.
- 00:31:15.061 --> 00:31:18.397
- TWENTY YEARS AFTER CATHERINE DIES,
- 00:31:18.464 --> 00:31:22.902
- GUTENBERG IS BORN.
- 00:31:22.969 --> 00:31:27.173
- SO IT'S FITTING THAT ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
- 00:31:27.239 --> 00:31:29.642
- INVENTIONS IN ALL OF HISTORY THAT CHANGED THE
- 00:31:29.709 --> 00:31:33.412
- WORLD AND WOULD AFFECT LUTHER AND THE
- 00:31:33.479 --> 00:31:35.581
- REFORMATION AND THE ACCESS TO THOUGHTS
- 00:31:35.648 --> 00:31:37.616
- THROUGH THE PRINTED PAGE STARTED WITH
- 00:31:37.683 --> 00:31:39.852
- THE PRINTED WORD OF THE VERY GOD THAT
- 00:31:39.919 --> 00:31:43.322
- SHE GAVE HER LIFE TO.
- 00:31:43.389 --> 00:31:45.591
- - ONE OF THE MOST REVOLUTIONARY INVENTIONS
- 00:31:45.658 --> 00:31:47.326
- IN HISTORY, GUTENBERG'S PRESS, USHERED IN A NEW ERA.
- 00:31:47.393 --> 00:31:52.565
- - GUTENBERG, WE KNOW NOTHING ABOUT HIS RELIGION.
- 00:31:52.631 --> 00:31:55.234
- WE KNOW HE WAS A PRINTER.
- 00:31:55.301 --> 00:31:57.203
- HE HAD INVENTED MOVABLE TYPE.
- 00:31:57.269 --> 00:32:01.007
- HE KNEW HOW TO PRINT, AND HE HAD BEEN IN THE
- 00:32:01.073 --> 00:32:04.543
- BUSINESS OF PRINTING PAPAL INDULGENCES BECAUSE
- 00:32:04.610 --> 00:32:07.480
- GOOD BUSINESS YOU COULD SET THEM UP, THEY'RE A
- 00:32:07.546 --> 00:32:10.483
- PAGE LONG, YOU CAN SELL THEM FOR A GOOD PRICE.
- 00:32:10.549 --> 00:32:13.719
- AND THEN THE PROSPECT OF A BIBLE AROSE, SO THE
- 00:32:13.786 --> 00:32:19.792
- TECHNOLOGY HE USED WHICH WAS BASED ON THE WINE
- 00:32:19.859 --> 00:32:23.129
- PRESS OR THE OLIVE PRESS, IT'S AN ADAPTION OF THAT,
- 00:32:23.195 --> 00:32:27.066
- ENABLED HIM TO PRINT AN ENTIRE VULGATE.
- 00:32:27.133 --> 00:32:31.637
- AND THE FIRST WAS VERY EXPENSIVE.
- 00:32:31.704 --> 00:32:35.808
- HE WENT BROKE AND ALL THE REST OF IT, BUT HE SHOWED
- 00:32:35.875 --> 00:32:41.447
- THAT IT COULD BE DONE.
- 00:32:41.514 --> 00:32:43.382
- AND NOT A LOT HAPPENED UNTIL THE TECHNOLOGY GOT
- 00:32:43.449 --> 00:32:48.187
- CHEAPER, BECAUSE THE FIRST TIME IT COST THE
- 00:32:48.254 --> 00:32:51.424
- EARTH, THEN THEY STARTED PRINTING SMALLER BOOKS,
- 00:32:51.490 --> 00:32:54.126
- AND WHEN THE REFORMERS CAME ALONG,
- 00:32:54.193 --> 00:32:56.862
- THEY SAW THEIR CHANCE.
- 00:32:56.929 --> 00:32:58.831
- THEY SAW THAT THEY COULD DO VERNACULAR BIBLES,
- 00:32:58.898 --> 00:33:02.435
- AND ONCE YOU GET INTO VERNACULAR BIBLES,
- 00:33:02.501 --> 00:33:05.071
- YOU CAN PRINT TENS OF THOUSANDS OF THEM USING
- 00:33:05.137 --> 00:33:07.173
- HIS TECHNOLOGY, BUT IT WAS THAT BIBLE THAT
- 00:33:07.239 --> 00:33:09.608
- OPENED THE DOOR TO THE REFORMATION, WHICH HE
- 00:33:09.675 --> 00:33:12.645
- DIED LONG BEFORE IT STARTED.
- 00:33:12.711 --> 00:33:15.481
- - WILLIAM TYNDALE, A YOUNG STUDENT OF THEOLOGY
- 00:33:15.548 --> 00:33:17.516
- AT OXFORD, PROPOSED WHAT MANY BELIEVED TO BE THE
- 00:33:17.583 --> 00:33:20.286
- GREATEST THREAT IN THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH, A
- 00:33:20.352 --> 00:33:22.488
- SERIES OF EUROPEAN REFORMATIONS, HIS DREAM
- 00:33:22.555 --> 00:33:25.124
- OF TRANSLATING THE BIBLE INTO ENGLISH, A DREAM
- 00:33:25.191 --> 00:33:27.560
- OPPOSED BY BOTH KING HENRY THE EIGHTH AND
- 00:33:27.626 --> 00:33:30.029
- CHURCH LAW, PAVED THE WAY FOR LUTHER, CALVIN AND KNOX.
- 00:33:30.096 --> 00:33:34.366
- - WILLIAM TYNDALE WAS BORN ON THE BORDERS OF
- 00:33:34.433 --> 00:33:36.936
- WALES, POSSIBLY IN MODERN DAY GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
- 00:33:37.002 --> 00:33:40.573
- HE CAME UP HERE TO OXFORD AS A THEOLOGICAL STUDENT
- 00:33:40.639 --> 00:33:46.979
- BUT WAS REALLY FRUSTRATED BY THE LACK OF ENGAGEMENT
- 00:33:47.046 --> 00:33:52.251
- WITH THE SCRIPTURES IN THE THEOLOGICAL TRAINING
- 00:33:52.318 --> 00:33:54.720
- COURSES AT OXFORD IN THOSE DAYS.
- 00:33:54.787 --> 00:33:57.223
- SO HE MIGRATED FROM OXFORD UP TO CAMBRIDGE,
- 00:33:57.289 --> 00:34:00.126
- BUT HE HAD THIS PARTICULAR DESIRE TO GET
- 00:34:00.192 --> 00:34:02.761
- THE BIBLE INTO THE LANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE,
- 00:34:02.828 --> 00:34:06.265
- LANGUAGES THAT WERE ACTUALLY SPOKEN.
- 00:34:06.332 --> 00:34:09.101
- NOT JUST FROM LATIN INTO ENGLISH BUT ACTUALLY FROM
- 00:34:09.168 --> 00:34:13.706
- HEBREW AND GREEK, THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGES OF THE
- 00:34:13.772 --> 00:34:15.808
- SCRIPTURES INTO ENGLISH.
- 00:34:15.875 --> 00:34:17.710
- SO A VERY NOVEL THING TO DO.
- 00:34:17.776 --> 00:34:20.146
- AND ONE OF THE CHURCHMEN AT THE TIME SAID TO HIM,
- 00:34:20.212 --> 00:34:23.582
- YOU'RE WASTING YOUR EFFORTS. WHY BOTHER?
- 00:34:23.649 --> 00:34:28.187
- AND TYNDALE ANNOUNCED...
- 00:34:28.254 --> 00:34:30.756
- BIBLE TRANSLATION IN ENGLAND WAS ILLEGAL IN TYNDALE'S DAY,
- 00:34:50.643 --> 00:34:54.547
- SO HE HAS TO GO TO THE CONTINENT AND SET UP HIS
- 00:34:54.613 --> 00:34:58.984
- PRINTING PRESS THERE.
- 00:34:59.051 --> 00:35:01.720
- - HE WENT TO HAMBURG, GERMANY IN 1524, AND THEN
- 00:35:01.787 --> 00:35:04.623
- WITTENBERG WHERE MARTIN LUTHER HAD CONFRONTED THE
- 00:35:04.690 --> 00:35:07.026
- ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
- 00:35:07.092 --> 00:35:09.195
- TYNDALE WROTE TO HIS FRIEND JOHN FRITH OF HOW
- 00:35:09.261 --> 00:35:11.530
- CAREFULLY AND DILIGENTLY HE TREATED THIS RESPONSIBILITY.
- 00:35:11.597 --> 00:35:15.100
- AND TYNDALE'S NEW TESTAMENT ARRIVES ON THE
- 00:35:35.287 --> 00:35:38.257
- SHORES 1526, THE FIRST NEW TESTAMENT TRANSLATED
- 00:35:38.324 --> 00:35:43.462
- FROM THE GREEK INTO ENGLISH, NOT AS YOU WOULD
- 00:35:43.529 --> 00:35:45.631
- GET A PULPIT BIBLE, GIANT BIBLES, BUT DELIBERATELY
- 00:35:45.698 --> 00:35:49.568
- TINY LITTLE BIBLES, THIN PAPER, SMALL PRINT,
- 00:35:49.635 --> 00:35:53.138
- DESIGNED FOR SMUGGLING.
- 00:35:53.205 --> 00:35:55.574
- - TYNDALE SPENT THE REST OF HIS LIFE FIGHTING TO
- 00:35:55.641 --> 00:35:58.143
- BRING THE BIBLE TO HIS PEOPLE AND EVENTUALLY
- 00:35:58.210 --> 00:36:00.646
- GAVE HIS LIFE FOR THE CAUSE.
- 00:36:00.713 --> 00:36:04.116
- - TYNDALE WAS WORKING IN THE SPANISH NETHERLANDS,
- 00:36:04.183 --> 00:36:07.119
- WHICH WAS A CATHOLIC NATION AT THAT POINT,
- 00:36:07.186 --> 00:36:13.058
- AND HE WAS BETRAYED BY A FALSE FRIEND.
- 00:36:13.125 --> 00:36:16.428
- HE INFILTRATED TYNDALE'S CIRCLE, BETRAYED HIM FOR
- 00:36:16.495 --> 00:36:18.998
- THE AUTHORITIES, AND HE WAS EXECUTED OUTSIDE
- 00:36:19.064 --> 00:36:23.002
- BRUSSELS, FIRST GARROTED AT THE STAKE, AND THEN
- 00:36:23.068 --> 00:36:27.439
- WHEN HE DIED HIS BODY WAS BURNED.
- 00:36:27.506 --> 00:36:30.242
- WE KNOW VERY LITTLE ABOUT THE DETAILS OF HIS
- 00:36:30.309 --> 00:36:31.844
- MARTYRDOM BECAUSE IT WASN'T IN ENGLAND.
- 00:36:31.910 --> 00:36:34.980
- THERE WEREN'T MANY ENGLISH WITNESSES TO IT,
- 00:36:35.047 --> 00:36:36.949
- BUT THERE IS ONE LINE IN FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS OF
- 00:36:37.016 --> 00:36:40.919
- TYNDALE'S FINAL WORDS WHICH WERE A PRAYER.
- 00:36:40.986 --> 00:36:44.256
- AND JUST A FEW YEARS LATER, REMARKABLY
- 00:36:48.894 --> 00:36:50.829
- THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS.
- 00:36:50.896 --> 00:36:52.831
- - THERE WERE A SERIES OF REFORMATIONS AROUND
- 00:36:52.898 --> 00:36:55.734
- EUROPE AND THEY WEREN'T ALL THE SAME, BUT THE
- 00:36:55.801 --> 00:36:59.204
- THING THEY HAD IN COMMON WAS A CHALLENGE
- 00:36:59.271 --> 00:37:03.075
- TO PAPAL AUTHORITY.
- 00:37:03.142 --> 00:37:06.478
- SO IN GERMANY FOR EXAMPLE, LUTHER RESENTED
- 00:37:06.545 --> 00:37:11.050
- THE POWER OF THE PAPACY, HE RESENTED THE POWER OF
- 00:37:11.116 --> 00:37:16.422
- THE BISHOPS, AND IN ENGLAND HENRY THE EIGHTH
- 00:37:16.488 --> 00:37:22.428
- FOR POLITICAL REASONS, HE WISHED TO INCREASE HIS
- 00:37:22.494 --> 00:37:26.532
- ROYAL POWERS, ALSO RESENTED THE PAPACY.
- 00:37:26.598 --> 00:37:29.601
- HE WANTED TO BE THE ENGLISH POPE.
- 00:37:29.668 --> 00:37:31.437
- - HENRY THE EIGHTH IN AN ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH
- 00:37:31.503 --> 00:37:37.076
- HIMSELF AS THE LEADER OF ENGLAND DURING A TIME OF
- 00:37:37.142 --> 00:37:41.080
- REBELLIOUS THAT HE SELF-IMPOSED, HE WOULD
- 00:37:41.146 --> 00:37:44.883
- CHANGE HIS RELIGIOUS POSITIONS, ALTHOUGH FOR
- 00:37:44.950 --> 00:37:47.786
- YEARS HENRY THE EIGHTH PERSECUTED AND DIDN'T
- 00:37:47.853 --> 00:37:55.494
- TOLERATE PEOPLE THAT DIFFERED FROM HIS
- 00:37:55.561 --> 00:37:57.696
- RELIGIOUS VIEWS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO WERE
- 00:37:57.763 --> 00:38:01.767
- INSISTING ON THE ENGLISH BIBLE.
- 00:38:01.834 --> 00:38:04.703
- HE WOULD ALSO BE ONE TO MANDATE THAT THE BIBLE BE
- 00:38:04.770 --> 00:38:08.107
- PUT IN ENGLISH IN THE FRONT OF ALL THE CHURCHES
- 00:38:08.173 --> 00:38:12.344
- AND AN ENGLISH BIBLE THAT BENEFITED FROM THE WORKS
- 00:38:12.411 --> 00:38:15.481
- OF SOME OF THE VERY PEOPLE THAT HE HAD PERSECUTED.
- 00:38:15.547 --> 00:38:19.318
- - MUCH OF TYNDALE'S TRANSLATION IS AUTHORIZED
- 00:38:19.385 --> 00:38:22.855
- BY THE KING FOR DISTRIBUTION IN EVERY
- 00:38:22.921 --> 00:38:24.790
- PARISH CHURCH IN THE COUNTRY, PERHAPS PART OF
- 00:38:24.857 --> 00:38:27.559
- AN ANSWER TO TYNDALE'S DYING PRAYER.
- 00:38:27.626 --> 00:38:30.863
- - HIS TRANSLATIONS SET THE TONE FOR ALL ENGLISH
- 00:38:30.929 --> 00:38:36.068
- TRANSLATIONS UP TO THE PRESENT DAY.
- 00:38:36.135 --> 00:38:39.004
- THEY'RE ALL -- THE WAY A PASSAGE FEELS, IF YOU READ
- 00:38:39.071 --> 00:38:44.543
- AN ENGLISH BIBLE, IS TYNDALE.
- 00:38:44.610 --> 00:38:47.546
- THE VOCABULARY, THE SENTENCE LENGTH, MANY OF THE
- 00:38:47.613 --> 00:38:51.316
- EXPRESSIONS COME DIRECTLY FROM TYNDALE.
- 00:38:51.383 --> 00:38:55.020
- HE'S UNDOUBTEDLY THE GREATEST TRANSLATOR IN THE
- 00:38:55.087 --> 00:38:59.191
- HISTORY OF ENGLISH.
- 00:38:59.258 --> 00:39:00.726
- - TYNDALE'S WORK WOULD CHANGE THE COURSE OF
- 00:39:00.793 --> 00:39:02.861
- CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:39:02.928 --> 00:39:04.296
- NO LONGER WITH THE SCRIPTURES BE CHAINED TO
- 00:39:04.363 --> 00:39:07.232
- PULPITS BUT PLACED IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE, IN
- 00:39:07.299 --> 00:39:10.035
- THEIR HOME, IN THEIR LANGUAGE.
- 00:39:10.102 --> 00:39:12.771
- AND NOW, NEARLY FIVE CENTURIES LATER, WE HAVE
- 00:39:12.838 --> 00:39:16.475
- MORE THAN 900 ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE NEW
- 00:39:16.542 --> 00:39:18.844
- TESTAMENT.
- 00:39:18.911 --> 00:39:20.846
- LITTLE DID TYNDALE KNOW THAT HIS SACRIFICE WOULD LEAD TO
- 00:39:20.913 --> 00:39:23.482
- SUCH A LEGACY.
- 00:39:23.549 --> 00:39:25.451
- HIS FINAL PRAYER MOMENTS BEFORE HIS DEATH WASN'T FOR
- 00:39:25.517 --> 00:39:28.921
- HIS OWN SAKE, BUT FOR THE HEART OF HENRY THE 8TH.
- 00:39:28.987 --> 00:39:31.757
- IT WAS A PLEA THAT ANOTHER RADICAL REFORMER HAD BEEN
- 00:39:31.824 --> 00:39:34.993
- PRAYING FOR HIS OWN PEOPLE, A GERMAN MONK
- 00:39:35.060 --> 00:39:37.629
- NAMED MARTIN LUTHER.
- 00:39:37.696 --> 00:39:39.565
- - THE 16TH CENTURY REFORMATION OF COURSE HAD
- 00:39:39.631 --> 00:39:42.901
- ORIGINS, AND IT ISN'T GOOD ENOUGH TO SAY THAT ITS
- 00:39:42.968 --> 00:39:46.672
- ORIGIN WAS THE FACT THAT THE CHURCH WAS CORRUPT AND
- 00:39:46.738 --> 00:39:49.741
- NEEDED TO BE REFORMED.
- 00:39:49.808 --> 00:39:51.610
- YOU NEED TO SEE THE FEW GENERATIONS BEFORE LUTHER AS
- 00:39:51.677 --> 00:39:57.516
- A TIME OF EXTRAORDINARY SPIRITUAL INTENSITY.
- 00:39:57.583 --> 00:40:01.019
- THE CHURCH WAS NOT, IN NO SENSE, IN DECAY.
- 00:40:01.086 --> 00:40:03.722
- AND SO SOMEONE LIKE LUTHER WAS COMING INTO A SITUATION
- 00:40:03.789 --> 00:40:07.759
- WHERE EVERYONE WAS EXPECTING SOMETHING TO HAPPEN.
- 00:40:07.826 --> 00:40:10.996
- THE ATMOSPHERE OF CRISIS IN EUROPE WAS ALREADY THERE
- 00:40:11.063 --> 00:40:17.369
- BECAUSE EUROPE WAS BEING PRESSED ON BY THE ISLAMIC
- 00:40:17.436 --> 00:40:20.906
- MONARCHY, THE OTTOMAN TURKS.
- 00:40:20.973 --> 00:40:23.141
- IT LOOKED AS IF THE WORLD MIGHT END.
- 00:40:23.208 --> 00:40:25.544
- - 1454 WAS THE PRINTING AT GUTENBERG.
- 00:40:25.611 --> 00:40:28.714
- 1453 IS THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE TO
- 00:40:28.780 --> 00:40:32.084
- THE OTTOMANS.
- 00:40:32.150 --> 00:40:34.653
- AND SO FOR ALL OF THESE YEARS, IT SERVED AS A
- 00:40:34.720 --> 00:40:37.222
- BEACON, AS A STRONGHOLD.
- 00:40:37.289 --> 00:40:39.491
- IT SEEMED IMPREGNABLE, A CHRISTIAN STRONGHOLD IN THE
- 00:40:39.558 --> 00:40:43.161
- EAST AND, AT ONE TIME, THE SEAT OF POWER
- 00:40:43.228 --> 00:40:45.731
- FOR CHRISTENDOM.
- 00:40:45.797 --> 00:40:47.332
- - IT FELL THE YEAR BEFORE THE VERY INSTRUMENT WAS BORN
- 00:40:47.399 --> 00:40:52.337
- THAT HELPED LUTHER SPREAD HIS GOSPEL.
- 00:40:52.404 --> 00:40:54.907
- - YOU'D BE LOOKING FOR SOMEONE WHO WAS THE PROPHET
- 00:40:54.973 --> 00:40:57.376
- OF ISLAM, THE LAST DAYS.
- 00:40:57.442 --> 00:40:59.211
- MANY WOULD LOOK TO THE POPE, BUT POPES REALLY WEREN'T UP
- 00:40:59.278 --> 00:41:02.314
- TO THE JOB, WHEREAS THIS RATHER UNEXPECTED, RANDOM,
- 00:41:02.381 --> 00:41:06.451
- SURPRISING UNIVERSITY LECTURER, ON THE FRINGES OF
- 00:41:06.518 --> 00:41:10.222
- GERMANY, HAD A MESSAGE WHICH CLEARLY RESONATED WITH
- 00:41:10.289 --> 00:41:13.859
- PEOPLE BECAUSE IT WAS ABOUT THE MOST IMPORTANT THING
- 00:41:13.926 --> 00:41:16.628
- THEY HAD TO THINK ABOUT, DEATH.
- 00:41:16.695 --> 00:41:20.132
- - AND THAT'S WHERE HE STUDYING SCRIPTURE, AND
- 00:41:20.198 --> 00:41:22.968
- THERE COMES A FAMOUS EPISODE OF HIS READING OF ROMANS
- 00:41:23.035 --> 00:41:25.304
- 1:17 ABOUT THE JUST WILL LIVE BY FAITH AND SO ON.
- 00:41:25.370 --> 00:41:29.007
- WE USED TO GET THE IMPRESSION THAT HE WAS JUST
- 00:41:29.074 --> 00:41:32.344
- READING, OH, LOOK WHAT I FOUND.
- 00:41:32.411 --> 00:41:33.912
- BUT HE STRUGGLED WITH IT.
- 00:41:33.979 --> 00:41:35.547
- IT WAS A LONG STRUGGLE, THE WAY HE SAYS IT.
- 00:41:35.614 --> 00:41:37.249
- AND YOU CAN SEE THAT STRUGGLE IN LECTURES THAT
- 00:41:37.316 --> 00:41:40.085
- HE'S GIVEN AT THAT TIME, BUT EVENTUALLY, HE COMES TO THE
- 00:41:40.152 --> 00:41:43.055
- CONCLUSION THAT BEING JUST DOESN'T MEAN BEING JUST.
- 00:41:43.121 --> 00:41:48.961
- BEING JUST MEANS BEING DECLARED JUST BY GOD.
- 00:41:49.027 --> 00:41:52.331
- - AND LUTHER SAID TO THEM, AS AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO HAD
- 00:41:52.397 --> 00:41:57.869
- SAID A THOUSAND YEARS BEFORE, YOU CAN DO NOTHING
- 00:41:57.936 --> 00:42:02.107
- ABOUT YOUR AFTERLIFE.
- 00:42:02.174 --> 00:42:04.042
- YOU CANNOT DECIDE YOUR FATE.
- 00:42:04.109 --> 00:42:05.911
- IT IS IN THE HANDS OF GOD.
- 00:42:05.978 --> 00:42:07.746
- NOW, THE PROBLEM WAS THAT THE CHURCH HAD DRIFTED AWAY
- 00:42:07.813 --> 00:42:12.951
- FROM THIS AUGUSTINIAN TEACHING TO GIVE PEOPLE THE
- 00:42:13.018 --> 00:42:16.054
- IMPRESSION THEY COULD DO THINGS ABOUT THEIR
- 00:42:16.121 --> 00:42:18.523
- AFTERLIFE. THEY COULD SAY PRAYERS.
- 00:42:18.590 --> 00:42:22.494
- THEY COULD ALSO BUY PRAYERS FROM OTHER PEOPLE, WHICH
- 00:42:22.561 --> 00:42:25.530
- WOULD INFLUENCE THE DECISION OF GOD IN THE AFTERLIFE.
- 00:42:25.597 --> 00:42:28.433
- LUTHER THOUGHT THIS WAS A CHEAT, AND, IN FACT, IT JUST
- 00:42:28.500 --> 00:42:31.770
- DOESN'T ACCORD WITH EITHER THE MESSAGE IN PAUL'S
- 00:42:31.837 --> 00:42:36.408
- EPISTLES TO THE ROMANS AND GALATIANS.
- 00:42:36.475 --> 00:42:39.177
- IT DOESN'T ACCORD WITH THIS GREAT WESTERN LATIN
- 00:42:39.244 --> 00:42:42.114
- THEOLOGIAN AUGUSTINE EITHER.
- 00:42:42.180 --> 00:42:43.982
- AND IN MANY WAYS, ALL LUTHER DID WAS TO REPEAT WHAT
- 00:42:44.049 --> 00:42:47.085
- AUGUSTINE HAD SAID BEFORE, AND IT SOUNDED STARTLINGLY
- 00:42:47.152 --> 00:42:51.256
- NOVEL BECAUSE PEOPLE HAD NOT UNDERSTOOD IT
- 00:42:51.323 --> 00:42:53.525
- OR HAD FORGOTTEN IT.
- 00:42:53.592 --> 00:42:55.093
- - BUT IT CAME TO A HEAD WHEN THE MAGNIFICENT DOME
- 00:43:06.104 --> 00:43:11.476
- ON SAINT PETER'S BASILICA IN ROME.
- 00:43:11.543 --> 00:43:14.079
- THE PROBLEM WAS PAYING FOR IT, SO A DEAL WAS STRUCK.
- 00:43:14.146 --> 00:43:18.216
- INDULGENCES WERE BEING SOLD IN GERMANY, AND WHERE THE
- 00:43:18.283 --> 00:43:23.221
- PAPACY GOT A CUT SO THEY COULD BUILD THE DOME.
- 00:43:23.288 --> 00:43:25.857
- I LIKE THE DOME.
- 00:43:25.924 --> 00:43:27.693
- - AND THE INTERESTING THING IS THAT PEOPLE DON'T USUALLY
- 00:43:27.759 --> 00:43:32.130
- REALIZE THE PRICE THAT THE CATHOLIC CHURCH PAID FOR
- 00:43:32.197 --> 00:43:35.333
- SAINT PETER'S IS THE REFORMATION.
- 00:43:35.400 --> 00:43:38.003
- - LUTHER WAS GETTING VERY ANGRY ABOUT WHAT HE SAW AS
- 00:43:38.070 --> 00:43:40.772
- ABUSES OF THE DOCTRINE OF THE AFTER LIFE, AND HE
- 00:43:40.839 --> 00:43:43.642
- WANTED TO SPREAD HIS MESSAGE, WHICH HE REGARDED
- 00:43:43.709 --> 00:43:48.213
- AS GOOD NEWS, THAT YOU AND I CAN DO NOTHING, BUT WHAT WE
- 00:43:48.280 --> 00:43:51.750
- CAN DO IS RELY ON GOD WHO CAN DO EVERYTHING.
- 00:43:51.817 --> 00:43:56.722
- - THIS GOOD NEWS TELLS US HOW GOD MAKES US
- 00:43:56.788 --> 00:43:58.790
- RIGHT IN HIS SIGHT.
- 00:43:58.857 --> 00:44:00.625
- THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED FROM START TO FINISH BY FAITH.
- 00:44:00.692 --> 00:44:04.096
- AS THE SCRIPTURES SAY, IT IS THROUGH FAITH THAT A
- 00:44:04.162 --> 00:44:07.466
- RIGHTEOUS PERSON HAS LIFE.
- 00:44:07.532 --> 00:44:09.568
- - WHAT HE CERTAINLY DID DO WAS PUBLICIZE THESE 95
- 00:44:09.634 --> 00:44:12.871
- THESES REMARKABLY QUICKLY.
- 00:44:12.938 --> 00:44:14.840
- GO AND SAY LOOK AT THE DOOR WHICH SUCCEEDED THE DOOR,
- 00:44:14.906 --> 00:44:18.443
- AND IT'S A GOOD SYMBOL OF WHAT TURNED OUT
- 00:44:18.510 --> 00:44:21.713
- TO BE A REVOLUTION.
- 00:44:21.780 --> 00:44:23.548
- - WHILE THE REFORMATION DISRUPTED THE KNOWN CHURCH,
- 00:44:23.615 --> 00:44:26.017
- IN SPAIN, ANOTHER MONARCH HAD THREATENED THE
- 00:44:26.084 --> 00:44:29.020
- ESTABLISHED THINKING IN A VERY DIFFERENT WAY.
- 00:44:29.087 --> 00:44:32.424
- ISABELLA OF CASTILLE WAS NOT ONE TO SETTLE.
- 00:44:32.491 --> 00:44:36.762
- DESPITE BEING A WOMAN AND THIRD IN LINE TO THE THRONE,
- 00:44:36.828 --> 00:44:40.398
- SHE REFUSED TO PLAY ALONG WITH SOCIETY'S RULES.
- 00:44:40.465 --> 00:44:43.802
- INSTEAD, SHE CHOSE TO FOCUS HER EFFORTS ON EDUCATION,
- 00:44:43.869 --> 00:44:48.406
- AND IN DOING SO, WOULD PROVOKE AN ACADEMIC
- 00:44:48.473 --> 00:44:51.176
- REVOLUTION AND SET A NEW STANDARD
- 00:44:51.243 --> 00:44:53.812
- FOR FEMALE MONARCHS.
- 00:44:53.879 --> 00:44:55.747
- AS SHE SAW IT, WOMEN WERE JUST AS FIT TO RULE AS MEN,
- 00:44:55.814 --> 00:44:58.817
- AND SHE WOULD PROVE THIS TO BE TRUE SOON AFTER MARRYING
- 00:44:58.884 --> 00:45:03.488
- FERDINAND THE SECOND OF ARAGON IN 1469.
- 00:45:03.555 --> 00:45:07.959
- - ISABELLA THE FIRST OF CASTILLE, CASTILLE IS THE
- 00:45:08.026 --> 00:45:12.130
- MAJOR PART OF THE LAND OF SPAIN THAT IS SPAIN TODAY,
- 00:45:12.197 --> 00:45:15.333
- AND SHE MARRIED FERDINAND THE SECOND, WHO WAS OVER THE
- 00:45:15.400 --> 00:45:18.870
- TERRITORY OF ARAGON.
- 00:45:18.937 --> 00:45:20.972
- AND TOGETHER, THE POPE DUBBED THEM THE
- 00:45:21.039 --> 00:45:23.575
- CATHOLIC MONARCHS.
- 00:45:23.642 --> 00:45:25.477
- SO EVEN THOUGH THERE WERE UNIQUE RELATIONS, THEY WERE
- 00:45:25.544 --> 00:45:29.047
- DEVOUTLY CATHOLIC.
- 00:45:29.114 --> 00:45:30.982
- JUST AS THE GUTENBERG PRESS HELPED IT PERPETUATE THE
- 00:45:31.049 --> 00:45:36.321
- TEACHINGS OR THE THOUGHTS OF CATHERINE OF SIENNA TO HER
- 00:45:36.388 --> 00:45:40.492
- WORLD AND THEN BEYOND, WE HAVE THE SAME THING THROUGH
- 00:45:40.559 --> 00:45:44.529
- GUTENBERG WITH THE LIFE AND THE RULE OF ISABELLA THE
- 00:45:44.596 --> 00:45:48.633
- FIRST, PERHAPS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS OF THE MONARCHS
- 00:45:48.700 --> 00:45:52.037
- OF HER TIME AND A WOMAN MONARCH WHO STARTED A
- 00:45:52.103 --> 00:45:55.340
- REVOLUTION IN A LOT OF WAYS.
- 00:45:55.407 --> 00:45:58.109
- SHE HAD FOUR DAUGHTERS AND A SON, AND SHE WAS DETERMINED
- 00:45:58.176 --> 00:46:02.347
- THAT HER DAUGHTERS ESPECIALLY WOULD BE EDUCATED
- 00:46:02.414 --> 00:46:07.285
- BECAUSE SHE WAS FRUSTRATED ABOUT HER OWN UPBRINGING.
- 00:46:07.352 --> 00:46:09.721
- AND SHE WAS ESPECIALLY CONCERNED THAT HER DAUGHTERS
- 00:46:09.788 --> 00:46:13.258
- LEARN LATIN, A NECESSARY LANGUAGE FOR THE EDUCATED
- 00:46:13.325 --> 00:46:17.829
- CLASS AND FOR CERTAIN POSTS.
- 00:46:17.896 --> 00:46:20.498
- AND AS HISTORY TELLS US, THE INTEREST IN EDUCATING HER
- 00:46:20.565 --> 00:46:24.069
- DAUGHTERS CERTAINLY DIDN'T GO IN VAIN.
- 00:46:24.135 --> 00:46:27.606
- CATHERINE OF ARAGON BECAME HENRY THE 8TH'S FIRST
- 00:46:27.672 --> 00:46:30.342
- WIFE AND BELOVED QUEEN OF ENGLAND.
- 00:46:30.408 --> 00:46:32.978
- MARY TUDOR, THE GRANDDAUGHTER OF ISABELLA,
- 00:46:33.044 --> 00:46:37.649
- IT WAS A REIGN WHERE SHE WAS TRYING TO REESTABLISH THE
- 00:46:37.716 --> 00:46:41.119
- CATHOLIC FOUNDATIONS, AND HAD SHE LIVED AS LONG AS HER
- 00:46:41.186 --> 00:46:45.690
- SISTER ELIZABETH, WE'D HAVE A DIFFERENT ENGLAND.
- 00:46:45.757 --> 00:46:49.194
- BUT THAT CATHOLIC STINT WAS SHORT LIVED.
- 00:46:49.261 --> 00:46:52.631
- AFTER MARY DIED, HER SISTER, ELIZABETH, WOULD
- 00:46:52.697 --> 00:46:56.668
- RULE FROM 1558 TO 1603.
- 00:46:56.735 --> 00:47:00.906
- SHE DEVELOPED THE GREAT COMPROMISE.
- 00:47:00.972 --> 00:47:04.276
- IT'S NOT A NEGATIVE THING.
- 00:47:04.342 --> 00:47:06.378
- IT WAS A POSITIVE WHERE SHE WANTED ONE CHURCH, AND SHE
- 00:47:06.444 --> 00:47:10.148
- WANTED IT DEVELOPED WHERE PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT
- 00:47:10.215 --> 00:47:14.286
- TRADITIONS COULD FEEL WELCOME.
- 00:47:14.352 --> 00:47:16.955
- AND IT CEMENTED ENGLAND AS A PEOPLE.
- 00:47:17.022 --> 00:47:21.860
- AND THROUGHOUT THIS TIME, FERDINAND AND ISABELLA ALSO
- 00:47:21.927 --> 00:47:26.564
- STRUGGLED WITH THE REMNANTS OF THE MUSLIM
- 00:47:26.631 --> 00:47:30.135
- OUT POST IN GRANADA.
- 00:47:30.201 --> 00:47:32.304
- AND FINALLY IN 1492, THEY TOOK IT.
- 00:47:32.370 --> 00:47:37.842
- DIDN'T END IMMEDIATE ISSUES, BUT IT RESOLVED A LOT
- 00:47:37.909 --> 00:47:42.447
- OF THE TENSION AND A LOT OF THE FEAR.
- 00:47:42.514 --> 00:47:45.884
- BECAUSE OF SOME UP RISINGS THAT STILL TOOK PLACE IN
- 00:47:45.951 --> 00:47:49.754
- GRANADA, THEY ISSUED THE EDICT OF EXPULSION
- 00:47:49.821 --> 00:47:53.191
- THAT SAME YEAR.
- 00:47:53.258 --> 00:47:54.993
- - TOGETHER, THEY UNITED SPAIN AND RECLAIMED IBERIA
- 00:47:55.060 --> 00:47:58.630
- IN THE NAME OF THE CROWN OF CASTILLE AND
- 00:47:58.697 --> 00:48:01.466
- THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
- 00:48:01.533 --> 00:48:03.101
- BUT AS ISABELLA GREW MORE ZEALOUS IN HER FAITH, SO DID
- 00:48:03.168 --> 00:48:07.238
- HER THEORY TOWARD ANYONE SHE DEEMED A HERETIC.
- 00:48:07.305 --> 00:48:10.075
- UNDER HER REGIME, SPAIN WOULD FACE THE MOST
- 00:48:10.141 --> 00:48:12.744
- SUCCESSFUL AND MASS CONVERSION IN HISTORY, THE
- 00:48:12.811 --> 00:48:15.847
- SPANISH INQUISITION.
- 00:48:15.914 --> 00:48:19.084
- - THE EDICT OF EXPULSION HAS A PRETTY THORNY SIDE TO IT.
- 00:48:19.150 --> 00:48:23.355
- WELL, THERE WERE JEWS AND MUSLIMS STILL LIVING THERE,
- 00:48:23.421 --> 00:48:28.727
- AND THE SPANISH INQUISITION WAS STARTED IN THE 70S, AND
- 00:48:28.793 --> 00:48:34.632
- IT BECAME FULL FORCE HERE BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO
- 00:48:34.699 --> 00:48:38.503
- REMOVE THE JEWS AND THE MUSLIMS IF THEY DIDN'T CONVERT.
- 00:48:38.570 --> 00:48:44.009
- SO THEY COULD STILL PRACTICE THEIR BELIEF UP UNTIL THAT
- 00:48:44.075 --> 00:48:48.246
- POINT, BUT THEN THEY HAD TO LEAVE.
- 00:48:48.313 --> 00:48:50.515
- AND WE KNOW THAT THE RECORD SAY THAT BETWEEN 87.000 AND
- 00:48:50.582 --> 00:48:55.453
- 150.000 PEOPLE WOULD BE TRADE DURING THOSE REAL
- 00:48:55.520 --> 00:48:59.657
- HEAVY YEARS OF THE INQUISITION.
- 00:48:59.724 --> 00:49:02.093
- A LOT OF IT HAPPENED RIGHT AFTER THE FALL OF GRANADA.
- 00:49:02.160 --> 00:49:06.164
- - WE'LL COME BACK TO FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
- 00:49:06.231 --> 00:49:08.066
- SHORTLY, BUT FIRST I WANT YOU TO MEET ONE OF THE MOST
- 00:49:08.133 --> 00:49:10.702
- FAMOUS FIGURES IN SPANISH HISTORY, A WOMAN WHOSE LIFE
- 00:49:10.769 --> 00:49:13.605
- WAS DEEPLY AFFECTED BY THE INQUISITION, TERESA OF AVILA.
- 00:49:13.671 --> 00:49:18.877
- - TERESA IS AN INTERESTING STORY FOR MANY REASONS.
- 00:49:18.943 --> 00:49:22.280
- HER GRANDFATHER WAS A JEW WHO WAS BAPTIZED, AND THE
- 00:49:22.347 --> 00:49:28.386
- FAMILY LIVED IN TOLEDO, AND IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT HE
- 00:49:28.453 --> 00:49:32.724
- WAS STILL PRACTICING JUDAISM.
- 00:49:32.791 --> 00:49:35.093
- AND SO HE WAS FORCED TO BE PENITENT AND TO GO TO
- 00:49:35.160 --> 00:49:39.731
- SEVERAL CHURCHES ON HIS KNEES AND WEARING A THING
- 00:49:39.798 --> 00:49:43.234
- THAT HAS THE CROSS ON IT.
- 00:49:43.301 --> 00:49:45.770
- AND HE WAS SO HUMILIATED THAT AFTER HE WAS RESTORED
- 00:49:45.837 --> 00:49:50.542
- TO THE CHURCH, THEY LEFT TOLEDO AND MOVED TO AVILA.
- 00:49:50.608 --> 00:49:56.114
- WHERE THEY MOVED IN THE CITY WAS AT THE VERY EDGE OF THE
- 00:49:56.181 --> 00:49:59.217
- FORMER JEWISH BORDER, BUT BY THE TIME TERESA WAS BORN,
- 00:49:59.284 --> 00:50:04.089
- SHE WAS A DEVOUT CATHOLIC, AND I THINK THE JEWISH
- 00:50:04.155 --> 00:50:09.194
- BACKGROUND WAS PUSHED BACK, BUT I DON'T THINK IT WAS
- 00:50:09.260 --> 00:50:14.699
- THERE IN THE FAMILY ANYMORE.
- 00:50:14.766 --> 00:50:17.502
- BUT IT DID MEAN THAT SHE WAS ALWAYS UNDER A CLOUD.
- 00:50:17.569 --> 00:50:22.574
- HER WRITINGS WERE ALWAYS BE EXAMINED BY THE INQUISITION.
- 00:50:22.640 --> 00:50:28.480
- HER MOTHER DIED WHILE SHE WAS I YOUNG GIRL, PROBABLY
- 00:50:28.546 --> 00:50:31.983
- 10 OR 11, WHEN HER MOTHER DIED.
- 00:50:32.050 --> 00:50:34.486
- HER MOTHER WAS MUCH YOUNGER THAN HER FATHER, AND TERESA
- 00:50:34.552 --> 00:50:39.624
- REALLY FELT BEREFT WHEN HER MOTHER DIED.
- 00:50:39.691 --> 00:50:43.027
- SHE RAN TO THE CATHEDRAL AND KNELT BEFORE THE STATUE OF
- 00:50:43.094 --> 00:50:47.098
- MARY AND ASKED MARY TO BE HER MOTHER.
- 00:50:47.165 --> 00:50:50.401
- AND SHE DECIDED THAT SHE REALLY WANTED TO BE A NUN,
- 00:50:50.468 --> 00:50:53.238
- AND SO SHE RAN AWAY FROM HOME, WHICH WASN'T FAR.
- 00:50:53.304 --> 00:50:55.807
- I THINK SHE HAD TO WALK A MILE.
- 00:50:55.874 --> 00:50:57.942
- I THINK HER BROTHER, ONE OF HER BROTHERS ACCOMPANIED
- 00:50:58.009 --> 00:51:00.512
- HER, TO THE MONASTERY OF THE INCARNATION, AND A CARMELITE
- 00:51:00.578 --> 00:51:04.816
- CONVENT IN AVILA.
- 00:51:04.883 --> 00:51:08.353
- HER FATHER WAS VERY MUCH OPPOSED TO HER BEING A NUN,
- 00:51:08.419 --> 00:51:11.456
- AND SHE'D BEEN THERE I THINK MORE THAN A YEAR BEFORE HE
- 00:51:11.523 --> 00:51:14.125
- FINALLY AGREED TO IT.
- 00:51:14.192 --> 00:51:16.027
- AND SUNDAY AFTERNOONS, THEY HAD CONVERSATIONS WITH
- 00:51:16.094 --> 00:51:18.863
- PEOPLE FROM THE VILLAGE IN THE CITY OF AVILA WOULD COME
- 00:51:18.930 --> 00:51:21.799
- IN, AND THERESA WAS A GREAT FAVORITE BECAUSE SHE WAS
- 00:51:21.866 --> 00:51:24.102
- SUCH A WITTY PERSON.
- 00:51:24.169 --> 00:51:26.104
- SO THAT WAS HER LIFE IN THE CONVENT, UNTIL SHE HAD A
- 00:51:26.171 --> 00:51:32.110
- SERIOUS ILLNESS, WE DON'T KNOW WHAT IT WAS.
- 00:51:32.177 --> 00:51:35.847
- BUT SHE WENT TO AN UNCLE'S OUT IN THE COUNTRY TO
- 00:51:35.914 --> 00:51:40.885
- RECOVER, AND WHILE THERE, SHE STARTED READING VERY
- 00:51:40.952 --> 00:51:44.756
- PIOUS BOOKS ON PRAYER.
- 00:51:44.822 --> 00:51:48.526
- AND SHE REALLY DECIDED THAT HER LIFE AS IT HAD BEEN IN
- 00:51:48.593 --> 00:51:53.665
- THE CONVENT WAS NOT WHAT THE LIFE OF A NUN SHOULD BE.
- 00:51:53.731 --> 00:51:57.302
- AND SHE WENT BACK TO THE CONVENT REALLY WITH THE
- 00:51:57.368 --> 00:52:02.473
- SENSE THAT SHE HAD BEEN CONVERTED AGAIN.
- 00:52:02.540 --> 00:52:05.376
- AND THEN IN 1559, THE INQUISITION FOR THE FIRST
- 00:52:05.443 --> 00:52:11.649
- TIME TURNED ITS GUNS ON THE PROTESTANTS.
- 00:52:11.716 --> 00:52:14.219
- IT HAD BEEN MAINLY CRYPTOJEWS, AND
- 00:52:14.285 --> 00:52:18.122
- NOW IT WAS PROTESTANTS.
- 00:52:18.189 --> 00:52:20.792
- 1559, IT FORBID ANY RELIGIOUS WRITING IN SPANISH.
- 00:52:20.858 --> 00:52:29.267
- IT ALL HAD TO BE IN LATIN BECAUSE ONLY EXPERTS THEN
- 00:52:29.334 --> 00:52:31.736
- COULD DEAL WITH IT.
- 00:52:31.803 --> 00:52:33.538
- SO ALL OF HER BOOKS WERE TAKEN FROM HER, AND SHE WAS
- 00:52:33.605 --> 00:52:37.375
- REALLY IN DESPAIR.
- 00:52:37.442 --> 00:52:39.210
- HER BOOKS WERE GONE, AND SHE WAS WALKING UP A STAIRCASE
- 00:52:39.277 --> 00:52:44.482
- IN THE CONVENT WHEN SHE HAD THIS VISION OF JESUS.
- 00:52:44.549 --> 00:52:52.156
- NOW, WHAT SHE MEANS BY A VISION IS THAT SHE KNOWS
- 00:52:52.223 --> 00:52:56.160
- THAT NO ONE ELSE SAW IT OR HEARD IT.
- 00:52:56.227 --> 00:52:58.429
- IT WAS INTERNAL TO HER, BUT SHE SAW IT ON THE STAIRS,
- 00:52:58.496 --> 00:53:02.367
- THERE WAS JESUS, AND HE SAID, DO NOT BE AFRAID.
- 00:53:02.433 --> 00:53:07.872
- I WILL BE TO YOU A LIVING BOOK.
- 00:53:07.939 --> 00:53:12.477
- THE CHURCH WAS TAKING HER BOOKS AWAY, AND NOW SHE WAS
- 00:53:12.543 --> 00:53:15.013
- GOING TO HAVE VISIONS.
- 00:53:15.079 --> 00:53:17.015
- I MEAN, IT WAS REALLY AN INTERESTING WAY OF PUTTING IT.
- 00:53:17.081 --> 00:53:20.685
- IT WAS THE LOSS OF HER BOOKS, AND JESUS SAYS,
- 00:53:20.752 --> 00:53:24.222
- I WILL BE TO YOU A LIVING BOOK.
- 00:53:24.289 --> 00:53:25.957
- DO NOT WORRY.
- 00:53:26.024 --> 00:53:27.592
- SHE WRITES A BOOK, ONE OF MY FAVORITES IS THE INTERIOR
- 00:53:27.659 --> 00:53:33.197
- CASTLE, WHERE SHE GOES THROUGH THE STAGES OF THE
- 00:53:33.264 --> 00:53:37.402
- PIOUS LIFE, RELIGIOUS LIFE.
- 00:53:37.468 --> 00:53:39.871
- AND SHE SAYS THAT THE FIRST THING IS JUST EVEN TO GO IN
- 00:53:39.937 --> 00:53:45.243
- THE DOOR OF THE CASTLE, WHICH IS REALLY THE SELF.
- 00:53:45.310 --> 00:53:48.713
- - NOW LET US RETURN TO OUR BEAUTIFUL AND CHARMING
- 00:53:48.780 --> 00:53:52.984
- CASTLE AND DISCOVER HOW TO ENTER IT.
- 00:53:53.051 --> 00:53:55.386
- THIS APPEARS INCONGRUOUS.
- 00:53:55.453 --> 00:53:57.622
- IF THIS CASTLE IS THE SOUL, CLEARLY NO ONE CAN HAVE TO
- 00:53:57.689 --> 00:54:01.092
- ENTER IT FOR IT IS THE PERSON HIMSELF.
- 00:54:01.159 --> 00:54:04.295
- ONE MIGHT AS WELL DARE SOMEONE TO GO INTO A
- 00:54:04.362 --> 00:54:06.497
- ROOM, HE'S ALREADY IN.
- 00:54:06.564 --> 00:54:09.100
- THERE ARE, HOWEVER, VERY DIFFERENT WAYS OF BEING
- 00:54:09.167 --> 00:54:12.103
- IN THIS CASTLE.
- 00:54:12.170 --> 00:54:13.771
- MANY SOULS LIVE IN THE COURTYARD OF THE BUILDING
- 00:54:13.838 --> 00:54:17.141
- WHERE THE SENTINELS STAND NEITHER CARING TO ENTER
- 00:54:17.208 --> 00:54:20.178
- FARTHER, NOT TO KNOW WHO DWELLS IN THAT MOST
- 00:54:20.244 --> 00:54:23.648
- DELIGHTFUL PLACE, WHAT IS IN IT, AND WHAT
- 00:54:23.715 --> 00:54:26.984
- ROOMS IT CONTAINS.
- 00:54:27.051 --> 00:54:32.623
- - TERESA, AFTER 1559, DID NOT HAVE ACCESS TO PIOUS
- 00:54:34.759 --> 00:54:40.565
- BOOKS IN SPANISH OR THEOLOGICAL BOOKS.
- 00:54:40.631 --> 00:54:44.369
- I DON'T KNOW THAT SHE RELIED ON BOOKS, BUT SHE HAD SOME
- 00:54:44.435 --> 00:54:48.539
- OF THE BEST THEOLOGIANS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA
- 00:54:48.606 --> 00:54:50.808
- AS HER CONFESSORS.
- 00:54:50.875 --> 00:54:52.710
- SHE WENT THROUGH CONFESSORS.
- 00:54:52.777 --> 00:54:54.746
- SHE HAD MORE THAN 90 CONFESSORS IN HER
- 00:54:54.812 --> 00:54:57.648
- LIFETIME, AND SOME OF THEM, SHE SAID, THEY ARE SUCH
- 00:54:57.715 --> 00:54:59.951
- SCARED MEN, THAT THEY'RE AFRAID THAT IF I SAY
- 00:55:00.017 --> 00:55:02.387
- ANYTHING THAT'S OUT OF ORDER, THEY'RE GOING
- 00:55:02.453 --> 00:55:04.155
- TO RUN TO THE BISHOP.
- 00:55:04.222 --> 00:55:06.224
- AND THEN SHE FINALLY FOUND JOHN OF THE CROSS WHO SAID,
- 00:55:06.290 --> 00:55:10.561
- I LEARNED EVERYTHING ABOUT PRAYER FROM TERESA.
- 00:55:10.628 --> 00:55:14.232
- SAINT TERESA OF AVILA WAS THE FIRST WOMAN TO BE NAMED
- 00:55:14.298 --> 00:55:17.802
- BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AS A DOCTOR OF THE CHURCH.
- 00:55:17.869 --> 00:55:20.405
- - NOW WE RETURN TO THE SPANISH THRONE WHERE
- 00:55:20.471 --> 00:55:23.007
- ISABELLA STANDS READY TO CHANGE THE COURSE OF HUMAN
- 00:55:23.074 --> 00:55:25.576
- HISTORY WITH A VENTURE OF HER OWN.
- 00:55:25.643 --> 00:55:28.813
- FOR SEVEN YEARS, THE ITALIAN EXPLORER CHRISTOFARO COLOMBO
- 00:55:28.880 --> 00:55:33.885
- CAMPAIGNED FOR A VOYAGE BOUND WESTWARD
- 00:55:33.951 --> 00:55:36.287
- ACROSS THE ATLANTIC.
- 00:55:36.354 --> 00:55:38.256
- AND FOR SEVEN YEARS, HIS PROPOSAL WAS REJECTED, THAT
- 00:55:38.322 --> 00:55:41.526
- IS UNTIL HE CAUGHT THE EAR OF QUEEN ISABELLA.
- 00:55:41.592 --> 00:55:44.595
- - COLUMBUS WAS AN AMBITIOUS MAN WHO WANTED TO ESTABLISH
- 00:55:44.662 --> 00:55:49.400
- A REPUTATION, AND HE WANTED WEALTH.
- 00:55:49.467 --> 00:55:52.937
- HE WANTED TO FIND A DYNASTY.
- 00:55:53.004 --> 00:55:54.839
- PART OF THE PACKAGE WAS CHRISTIANITY, AND HE HAD A
- 00:55:54.906 --> 00:55:58.109
- STRONG SENSE OF DESTINY AND THAT WHAT HE WAS DOING WAS
- 00:55:58.176 --> 00:56:01.412
- SPREADING THE GOSPEL.
- 00:56:01.479 --> 00:56:03.548
- THIS WAS HANDY AS A WAY OF SELLING THE IDEA TO AN
- 00:56:03.614 --> 00:56:07.418
- EXTREMELY DEVOUT PAIR OF MONARCHS, THE MONARCHS OF
- 00:56:07.485 --> 00:56:11.122
- ARAGON AND CASTILLE, FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.
- 00:56:11.189 --> 00:56:14.292
- - ISABELLA WAS EAGER TO EXPAND HER EMPIRE AND AGREED
- 00:56:14.358 --> 00:56:17.595
- TO SPONSOR HIS EXPEDITION.
- 00:56:17.662 --> 00:56:20.198
- SHE ORDERED THE CITY OF PALOS TO GIVE HIM THREE
- 00:56:20.264 --> 00:56:23.634
- SHIPS, THE NINA, THE PINTA, AND LATER ADDED
- 00:56:23.701 --> 00:56:26.604
- THE SANTA MARIA.
- 00:56:26.671 --> 00:56:29.006
- - COLUMBUS' MISTAKE WAS THAT HE KNEW IT WAS ROUND,
- 00:56:29.073 --> 00:56:32.376
- BUT HE DIDN'T KNOW HOW BIG IT WAS.
- 00:56:32.443 --> 00:56:34.979
- HE THOUGHT THAT ASIA WAS MUCH SMALLER THAN IT IS.
- 00:56:35.046 --> 00:56:39.417
- HE DIDN'T KNOW THERE WAS A PACIFIC OCEAN, AND SO HIS
- 00:56:39.484 --> 00:56:42.453
- WORLD WAS ABOUT A THIRD AS BIG AS IT REALLY WAS.
- 00:56:42.520 --> 00:56:46.757
- SO HE WAS CONVINCED WAS ALL HE HAD TO DO WAS JUST GO
- 00:56:46.824 --> 00:56:49.494
- WEST, AND HE WOULD ARRIVE AT THE INDIES, WHICH WAS THE
- 00:56:49.560 --> 00:56:52.129
- FAR EAST, WHICH WAS ALREADY THERE WAS TRADE BOTH BY LAND
- 00:56:52.196 --> 00:56:56.868
- AROUND THE SILK ROAD AND ALSO AROUND THE SOUTH
- 00:56:56.934 --> 00:56:59.737
- OF THE AFRICA.
- 00:56:59.804 --> 00:57:02.006
- THE PORTUGUESE WERE GOING THAT WAY.
- 00:57:02.073 --> 00:57:04.408
- - THE FATEFUL EVENT OF 1492 OF THE SAILING OF COLUMBUS
- 00:57:04.475 --> 00:57:08.179
- FROM PALOS WASN'T A SUDDEN DECISION.
- 00:57:08.246 --> 00:57:12.750
- IN FACT, FOR AROUND SEVEN YEARS, HE KEPT COMING TO THE
- 00:57:12.817 --> 00:57:16.120
- COURT AND TRYING TO SHOW A WAY TO GET AROUND THE
- 00:57:16.187 --> 00:57:20.124
- TURKISH BLOCKADES. HE HAD TO GET THE SPICES.
- 00:57:20.191 --> 00:57:25.229
- - MOST SPICES WERE, AND SOME OF THEM STILL ARE,
- 00:57:25.296 --> 00:57:28.799
- WORTH MORE THAN GOLD BY WEIGHT, AND SO IT WAS A VERY
- 00:57:28.866 --> 00:57:33.070
- PROFITABLE COMMERCE THAT HAD BEEN INTERRUPTED AND BEEN
- 00:57:33.137 --> 00:57:36.207
- MADE VERY DIFFICULT, AND HE FELT, HEY, IF WE CAN FIND A
- 00:57:36.274 --> 00:57:38.776
- CHEAP WAY TO GET OVER THERE AND BACK, WE CAN
- 00:57:38.843 --> 00:57:41.078
- REALLY MAKE A KILLING.
- 00:57:41.145 --> 00:57:43.047
- - AND AFTER FIVE WEEKS AND A REBELLION AND MUCH TOLD
- 00:57:43.114 --> 00:57:45.750
- STORY IN TEXTBOOKS, SUDDENLY, SOMEONE YELLS, "LAND!"
- 00:57:45.816 --> 00:57:51.789
- AND IT WASN'T LONG BEFORE HE STEPS ASHORE IN THE NEW
- 00:57:51.856 --> 00:57:57.161
- WORLD, AND HE NAMES THE FIRST CITY "HOLY CITY"
- 00:57:57.228 --> 00:58:02.600
- OR SAN SALVADOR.
- 00:58:02.667 --> 00:58:04.602
- AND THEN, FITTINGLY, THE NEXT TWO FERDINAND
- 00:58:04.669 --> 00:58:08.906
- AND ISABELLA.
- 00:58:08.973 --> 00:58:10.741
- - WHAT COULD BE MORE SURPRISING THAN FINDING A
- 00:58:10.808 --> 00:58:13.411
- NEW CONTINENT NOT DESCRIBED IN THE BIBLE IN ANY EXPLICIT
- 00:58:13.477 --> 00:58:17.648
- WAY, AND FINDING PEOPLES WHO SIMPLY HAD NO CONTACT WITH
- 00:58:17.715 --> 00:58:21.752
- THE WORLD THEY KNEW AT ALL?
- 00:58:21.819 --> 00:58:23.754
- THIS MUST BE A SYMBOL OF A NEW GRACE FROM GOD, A SET OF
- 00:58:23.821 --> 00:58:29.060
- PEOPLE WHO COULD BE BROUGHT TO FAITH.
- 00:58:29.126 --> 00:58:32.129
- - AS COLUMBUS SET SAIL, HE CARRIED THE CHURCH WITH HIM.
- 00:58:32.196 --> 00:58:36.500
- NO ONE COULD HAVE PREDICTED WHAT WOULD COME NEXT.
- 00:58:36.567 --> 00:58:39.737
- WOULD CHRISTIANITY CONTINUE TO THRIVE, OR WOULD IT RUN
- 00:58:39.804 --> 00:58:43.107
- AGROUND ON THE SHORES OF THE NEW WORLD?
- 00:58:43.174 --> 00:58:45.943
- [MUSIC]
- 00:58:46.010 --> 00:59:13.804
