Journey with us to the cradle of Christianity; as we track the early spread of the message of Jesus.
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Show Timecode
Inexplicable | Part 1 - From the Cradle of Christianity | February 25, 2021
- ♪
- 00:01:03.444 --> 00:01:05.479
- - DENNIS HAYSBERT: IT HAD
- 00:01:05.913 --> 00:01:06.480
- - DENNIS HAYSBERT: IT HAD BEEN 40 DAYS SINCE JESUS
- 00:01:06.547 --> 00:01:07.381
- BEEN 40 DAYS SINCE JESUS WAS CRUCIFIED.
- 00:01:07.448 --> 00:01:08.849
- WAS CRUCIFIED. ACCORDING TO THE GOSPELS,
- 00:01:08.916 --> 00:01:11.385
- ACCORDING TO THE GOSPELS, WHEN JESUS ROSE FROM THE
- 00:01:11.452 --> 00:01:13.888
- WHEN JESUS ROSE FROM THE GRAVE, HE SHOWED HIMSELF
- 00:01:13.954 --> 00:01:15.189
- GRAVE, HE SHOWED HIMSELF FIRST TO THE WOMEN WHO HAD
- 00:01:15.256 --> 00:01:16.490
- FIRST TO THE WOMEN WHO HAD VISITED HIS TOMB, AND THEN
- 00:01:16.557 --> 00:01:17.725
- VISITED HIS TOMB, AND THEN TO THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF
- 00:01:17.791 --> 00:01:19.326
- TO THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF HIS DISCIPLES OVER TIME.
- 00:01:19.393 --> 00:01:27.001
- HIS DISCIPLES OVER TIME. NOW HE WAS LEADING THEM UP
- 00:01:27.067 --> 00:01:27.801
- NOW HE WAS LEADING THEM UP THE MOUNT OF OLIVES.
- 00:01:27.868 --> 00:01:34.308
- THE MOUNT OF OLIVES. THEREFORE, WHEN THEY HAD
- 00:01:34.375 --> 00:01:35.676
- THEREFORE, WHEN THEY HAD COME TOGETHER, THEY ASKED
- 00:01:35.743 --> 00:01:37.578
- COME TOGETHER, THEY ASKED HIM, SAYING, "WILL YOU AT
- 00:01:37.645 --> 00:01:39.513
- HIM, SAYING, "WILL YOU AT THIS TIME RESTORE THE
- 00:01:39.580 --> 00:01:41.148
- THIS TIME RESTORE THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL?"
- 00:01:41.215 --> 00:01:47.621
- - DENNIS: AND HE SAID TO
- 00:01:48.255 --> 00:01:48.989
- - DENNIS: AND HE SAID TO THEM, "IT IS NOT FOR YOU
- 00:01:49.056 --> 00:01:49.790
- THEM, "IT IS NOT FOR YOU TO KNOW THE TIME OR THE
- 00:01:49.857 --> 00:01:50.791
- TO KNOW THE TIME OR THE SEASONS WHICH THE FATHER
- 00:01:50.858 --> 00:01:51.458
- SEASONS WHICH THE FATHER HAS PUT IN HIS OWN
- 00:01:51.525 --> 00:01:52.459
- HAS PUT IN HIS OWN AUTHORITY, BUT YOU SHALL
- 00:01:52.526 --> 00:01:53.460
- AUTHORITY, BUT YOU SHALL RECEIVE POWER WHEN THE
- 00:01:53.527 --> 00:01:54.662
- RECEIVE POWER WHEN THE HOLY SPIRIT HAS COME UPON
- 00:01:54.728 --> 00:01:55.462
- HOLY SPIRIT HAS COME UPON YOU, AND YOU SHALL BE
- 00:01:55.529 --> 00:01:57.431
- YOU, AND YOU SHALL BE WITNESSES TO ME IN
- 00:01:57.498 --> 00:01:59.133
- WITNESSES TO ME IN JERUSALEM AND ALL JUDEA
- 00:01:59.200 --> 00:02:00.834
- JERUSALEM AND ALL JUDEA AND SAMARIA, AND TO THE
- 00:02:00.901 --> 00:02:02.269
- AND SAMARIA, AND TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH."
- 00:02:02.336 --> 00:02:07.208
- NOW, WHEN HE HAD SPOKEN THESE
- 00:02:08.008 --> 00:02:10.544
- NOW, WHEN HE HAD SPOKEN THESE THINGS, WHILE THEY
- 00:02:10.611 --> 00:02:11.111
- THINGS, WHILE THEY WATCHED, HE WAS TAKEN UP.
- 00:02:11.178 --> 00:02:15.983
- [MUSIC]
- 00:02:17.051 --> 00:02:27.795
- [VOCALIZING]
- 00:02:28.362 --> 00:02:34.702
- - DENNIS: AND A CLOUD
- 00:02:37.471 --> 00:02:37.972
- - DENNIS: AND A CLOUD RECEIVED HIM OUT OF THEIR
- 00:02:38.038 --> 00:02:38.672
- RECEIVED HIM OUT OF THEIR SIGHT.
- 00:02:38.739 --> 00:02:43.043
- [MUSIC]
- 00:02:44.078 --> 00:02:47.748
- - DENNIS: WITHIN THE NEXT
- 00:02:48.415 --> 00:02:48.983
- - DENNIS: WITHIN THE NEXT 100 YEARS, THE NEW
- 00:02:49.049 --> 00:02:49.717
- 100 YEARS, THE NEW TESTAMENT WOULD BE
- 00:02:49.783 --> 00:02:50.751
- TESTAMENT WOULD BE WRITTEN, A SMALL
- 00:02:50.818 --> 00:02:51.952
- WRITTEN, A SMALL COLLECTION OF BOOKS THAT
- 00:02:52.019 --> 00:02:53.053
- COLLECTION OF BOOKS THAT WOULD FOREVER ALTER THE
- 00:02:53.120 --> 00:02:55.456
- WOULD FOREVER ALTER THE COURSE OF HUMAN HISTORY,
- 00:02:55.522 --> 00:02:57.124
- COURSE OF HUMAN HISTORY, AND CENTURY BY CENTURY,
- 00:02:57.191 --> 00:02:58.726
- AND CENTURY BY CENTURY, CHRISTIANITY WOULD BECOME,
- 00:02:58.792 --> 00:02:59.860
- CHRISTIANITY WOULD BECOME, AS THE PEW RESEARCH
- 00:02:59.927 --> 00:03:01.996
- AS THE PEW RESEARCH CENTER CONCLUDED IN 2012,
- 00:03:02.062 --> 00:03:03.831
- CENTER CONCLUDED IN 2012, "THE ONLY RELIGION IN THE
- 00:03:03.897 --> 00:03:04.932
- "THE ONLY RELIGION IN THE WORLD WITH A MAJOR
- 00:03:04.999 --> 00:03:06.066
- WORLD WITH A MAJOR PRESENCE ON EVERY
- 00:03:06.133 --> 00:03:07.434
- PRESENCE ON EVERY CONTINENT."
- 00:03:07.501 --> 00:03:09.103
- CONTINENT." HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?
- 00:03:09.169 --> 00:03:10.471
- HOW DID THIS HAPPEN? I'M DENNIS HAYSBERT.
- 00:03:10.537 --> 00:03:12.506
- I'M DENNIS HAYSBERT. AND IN THIS DOCUMENTARY
- 00:03:12.573 --> 00:03:13.207
- AND IN THIS DOCUMENTARY SERIES, WE ARE GOING TO
- 00:03:13.274 --> 00:03:14.308
- SERIES, WE ARE GOING TO EXPLORE THAT VERY QUESTION.
- 00:03:14.375 --> 00:03:17.911
- EXPLORE THAT VERY QUESTION. WELCOME TO "INEXPLICABLE:
- 00:03:17.978 --> 00:03:18.646
- WELCOME TO "INEXPLICABLE: HOW CHRISTIANITY SPREAD
- 00:03:18.712 --> 00:03:20.147
- HOW CHRISTIANITY SPREAD TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH."
- 00:03:20.214 --> 00:03:23.183
- [MUSIC]
- 00:03:24.118 --> 00:03:32.226
- - JERRY PATTENGALE: IF
- 00:03:39.900 --> 00:03:40.601
- - JERRY PATTENGALE: IF YOU THINK OF THE APOSTLES,
- 00:03:40.668 --> 00:03:41.702
- YOU THINK OF THE APOSTLES, WHAT THEY HAD WITNESSED,
- 00:03:41.769 --> 00:03:45.072
- WHAT THEY HAD WITNESSED, THERE WAS EVERY REASON TO
- 00:03:45.139 --> 00:03:45.806
- THERE WAS EVERY REASON TO THINK THAT SOMETHING
- 00:03:45.873 --> 00:03:46.740
- THINK THAT SOMETHING RADICAL WAS GOING TO
- 00:03:46.807 --> 00:03:48.108
- RADICAL WAS GOING TO HAPPEN POLITICALLY.
- 00:03:48.175 --> 00:03:52.012
- HAPPEN POLITICALLY. THEY WERE UNDER ROMAN
- 00:03:52.079 --> 00:03:52.780
- THEY WERE UNDER ROMAN OPPRESSION.
- 00:03:52.846 --> 00:03:53.914
- OPPRESSION. JESUS, HE'S RISEN FROM THE
- 00:03:53.981 --> 00:03:55.282
- JESUS, HE'S RISEN FROM THE DEAD.
- 00:03:55.349 --> 00:03:56.417
- DEAD. SO IT'S ONLY NATURAL THAT
- 00:03:56.483 --> 00:03:57.318
- SO IT'S ONLY NATURAL THAT THEY WOULD'VE THOUGHT THAT
- 00:03:57.384 --> 00:03:59.019
- THEY WOULD'VE THOUGHT THAT THERE WOULD BE A KINGDOM
- 00:03:59.086 --> 00:03:59.920
- THERE WOULD BE A KINGDOM ESTABLISHED.
- 00:03:59.987 --> 00:04:02.790
- [MUSIC]
- 00:04:03.424 --> 00:04:08.162
- - JERRY: AND SO, INSTEAD
- 00:04:08.662 --> 00:04:09.463
- - JERRY: AND SO, INSTEAD OF ESTABLISHING A KINGDOM,
- 00:04:09.530 --> 00:04:10.130
- OF ESTABLISHING A KINGDOM, HE LEAVES.
- 00:04:10.197 --> 00:04:12.099
- - DENNIS: BEFORE JESUS
- 00:04:13.267 --> 00:04:13.801
- - DENNIS: BEFORE JESUS HAD ASCENDED TO HEAVEN, HE
- 00:04:13.867 --> 00:04:14.935
- HAD ASCENDED TO HEAVEN, HE COMMANDED HIS DISCIPLES
- 00:04:15.002 --> 00:04:16.170
- COMMANDED HIS DISCIPLES NOT TO DEPART FROM
- 00:04:16.236 --> 00:04:17.504
- NOT TO DEPART FROM JERUSALEM, BUT TO WAIT FOR
- 00:04:17.571 --> 00:04:19.673
- JERUSALEM, BUT TO WAIT FOR THE PROMISE OF THE FATHER,
- 00:04:19.740 --> 00:04:20.941
- THE PROMISE OF THE FATHER, WHICH HE SAID,
- 00:04:21.008 --> 00:04:22.509
- WHICH HE SAID, "YOU HAVE HEARD FROM ME,
- 00:04:22.576 --> 00:04:23.877
- "YOU HAVE HEARD FROM ME, FOR JOHN TRULY BAPTIZED
- 00:04:23.944 --> 00:04:26.347
- FOR JOHN TRULY BAPTIZED WITH WATER,
- 00:04:26.413 --> 00:04:28.048
- WITH WATER, BUT YOU SHALL BE BAPTIZED
- 00:04:28.115 --> 00:04:29.383
- BUT YOU SHALL BE BAPTIZED WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT,
- 00:04:29.450 --> 00:04:30.951
- WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT, NOT MANY DAYS FROM NOW."
- 00:04:31.018 --> 00:04:37.558
- - JERRY: PENTECOST
- 00:04:38.192 --> 00:04:38.959
- - JERRY: PENTECOST LITERALLY MEANS 50TH.
- 00:04:39.026 --> 00:04:40.060
- LITERALLY MEANS 50TH. IT'S THE 50TH DAY AFTER
- 00:04:40.127 --> 00:04:41.595
- IT'S THE 50TH DAY AFTER PASSOVER AND THE FIRST
- 00:04:41.662 --> 00:04:42.930
- PASSOVER AND THE FIRST HARVEST, AND PASSOVER
- 00:04:42.996 --> 00:04:44.665
- HARVEST, AND PASSOVER COMES OUT OF THE BOOKS IN
- 00:04:44.732 --> 00:04:46.200
- COMES OUT OF THE BOOKS IN THE OLD TESTAMENT,
- 00:04:46.266 --> 00:04:47.201
- THE OLD TESTAMENT, ESPECIALLY EXODUS, WHERE
- 00:04:47.267 --> 00:04:49.002
- ESPECIALLY EXODUS, WHERE IT'S THE TENTH AND FINAL
- 00:04:49.069 --> 00:04:50.404
- IT'S THE TENTH AND FINAL PLAGUE, AND THEY ARE
- 00:04:50.471 --> 00:04:51.939
- PLAGUE, AND THEY ARE PASSED OVER, AND THE
- 00:04:52.005 --> 00:04:53.941
- PASSED OVER, AND THE OLDEST BORN IS NOT KILLED.
- 00:04:54.007 --> 00:04:55.976
- OLDEST BORN IS NOT KILLED. PENTECOST WAS A
- 00:04:56.043 --> 00:04:57.177
- PENTECOST WAS A BUSTLING TIME.
- 00:04:57.244 --> 00:04:58.679
- BUSTLING TIME. THE BIBLE RECORDS, YOU
- 00:04:58.746 --> 00:04:59.546
- THE BIBLE RECORDS, YOU KNOW, THE VARIOUS
- 00:04:59.613 --> 00:05:00.814
- KNOW, THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES.
- 00:05:00.881 --> 00:05:02.149
- COUNTRIES. THERE'S A LITANY OF
- 00:05:02.216 --> 00:05:02.950
- THERE'S A LITANY OF COUNTRIES WHERE THEY'RE
- 00:05:03.016 --> 00:05:04.151
- COUNTRIES WHERE THEY'RE FROM, YOU KNOW, THE
- 00:05:04.218 --> 00:05:05.052
- FROM, YOU KNOW, THE PARTHIANS AND THE
- 00:05:05.119 --> 00:05:06.453
- PARTHIANS AND THE ELAMITES, YOU HAVE PEOPLE
- 00:05:06.520 --> 00:05:08.355
- ELAMITES, YOU HAVE PEOPLE FROM ASIA, YOU HAVE THE
- 00:05:08.422 --> 00:05:09.189
- FROM ASIA, YOU HAVE THE CRETANS, MANY OF THEM
- 00:05:09.256 --> 00:05:11.258
- CRETANS, MANY OF THEM SPEAKING DIFFERENT
- 00:05:11.325 --> 00:05:12.693
- SPEAKING DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, AND THEY
- 00:05:12.760 --> 00:05:13.494
- LANGUAGES, AND THEY CERTAINLY WOULD'VE BEEN
- 00:05:13.560 --> 00:05:17.498
- CERTAINLY WOULD'VE BEEN FAMILIAR WITH THE FACT
- 00:05:17.564 --> 00:05:19.400
- FAMILIAR WITH THE FACT THAT THERE WERE THREE
- 00:05:19.466 --> 00:05:20.033
- THAT THERE WERE THREE CRIMINALS CRUCIFIED.
- 00:05:20.100 --> 00:05:22.102
- CRIMINALS CRUCIFIED. MANY OF THEM WOULD'VE
- 00:05:22.169 --> 00:05:25.672
- MANY OF THEM WOULD'VE CAUGHT WIND.
- 00:05:25.739 --> 00:05:26.206
- CAUGHT WIND. IT'S BEEN RUMORED,
- 00:05:26.273 --> 00:05:26.707
- IT'S BEEN RUMORED, "JESUS, HE'S MISSING.
- 00:05:26.774 --> 00:05:27.574
- "JESUS, HE'S MISSING. HE'S NO LONGER IN THE TOMB."
- 00:05:27.641 --> 00:05:29.476
- HE'S NO LONGER IN THE TOMB." AND THERE'S A BIG SCANDAL,
- 00:05:29.543 --> 00:05:31.979
- AND THERE'S A BIG SCANDAL, OR PEOPLE SAID THAT THEY'VE
- 00:05:32.045 --> 00:05:33.580
- OR PEOPLE SAID THAT THEY'VE SEEN HIM, AND IT WAS
- 00:05:33.647 --> 00:05:35.349
- SEEN HIM, AND IT WAS THE JUICIEST STORY
- 00:05:35.416 --> 00:05:37.518
- THE JUICIEST STORY FOR THEM WHETHER THEY
- 00:05:37.584 --> 00:05:39.086
- FOR THEM WHETHER THEY BELIEVED IT OR NOT.
- 00:05:39.153 --> 00:05:42.189
- - DENNIS: WHEN THE DAY OF
- 00:05:42.756 --> 00:05:43.624
- - DENNIS: WHEN THE DAY OF PENTECOST HAD FULLY COME,
- 00:05:43.690 --> 00:05:44.358
- PENTECOST HAD FULLY COME, THEY WERE ALL WITH ONE
- 00:05:44.425 --> 00:05:45.125
- THEY WERE ALL WITH ONE ACCORD IN ONE PLACE.
- 00:05:45.192 --> 00:05:47.528
- ACCORD IN ONE PLACE. AND SUDDENLY THERE CAME A
- 00:05:47.594 --> 00:05:49.296
- AND SUDDENLY THERE CAME A SOUND FROM HEAVEN, AS A
- 00:05:49.363 --> 00:05:51.331
- SOUND FROM HEAVEN, AS A RUSHING MIGHTY WIND, AND
- 00:05:51.398 --> 00:05:52.499
- RUSHING MIGHTY WIND, AND IT FILLED THE WHOLE HOUSE
- 00:05:52.566 --> 00:05:54.902
- IT FILLED THE WHOLE HOUSE WHERE THEY WERE SITTING.
- 00:05:54.968 --> 00:06:01.842
- WHERE THEY WERE SITTING. THEN THERE APPEARED TO
- 00:06:01.909 --> 00:06:02.409
- THEN THERE APPEARED TO THEM DIVIDED TONGUES, AS A
- 00:06:02.476 --> 00:06:03.043
- THEM DIVIDED TONGUES, AS A FIRE, AND ONE SAT UPON
- 00:06:03.110 --> 00:06:04.645
- FIRE, AND ONE SAT UPON EACH OF THEM.
- 00:06:04.711 --> 00:06:10.584
- EACH OF THEM. THEY WERE ALL FILLED WITH
- 00:06:10.651 --> 00:06:12.352
- THEY WERE ALL FILLED WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT AND BEGAN
- 00:06:12.419 --> 00:06:13.253
- THE HOLY SPIRIT AND BEGAN TO SPEAK WITH OTHER
- 00:06:13.320 --> 00:06:15.222
- TO SPEAK WITH OTHER TONGUES, AS THE SPIRIT
- 00:06:15.289 --> 00:06:16.123
- TONGUES, AS THE SPIRIT GAVE THEM UTTERANCE.
- 00:06:16.190 --> 00:06:17.658
- GAVE THEM UTTERANCE. AND THERE WERE DWELLING IN
- 00:06:17.724 --> 00:06:18.392
- AND THERE WERE DWELLING IN JERUSALEM JEWS, DEVOUT
- 00:06:18.459 --> 00:06:20.527
- JERUSALEM JEWS, DEVOUT MEN, FROM EVERY NATION
- 00:06:20.594 --> 00:06:21.562
- MEN, FROM EVERY NATION UNDER HEAVEN.
- 00:06:21.628 --> 00:06:23.897
- UNDER HEAVEN. AND WHEN THIS SOUND
- 00:06:23.964 --> 00:06:24.465
- AND WHEN THIS SOUND OCCURRED, THE MULTITUDE
- 00:06:24.531 --> 00:06:25.566
- OCCURRED, THE MULTITUDE CAME TOGETHER, AND WERE
- 00:06:25.632 --> 00:06:26.834
- CAME TOGETHER, AND WERE CONFUSED, BECAUSE EVERYONE
- 00:06:26.900 --> 00:06:28.101
- CONFUSED, BECAUSE EVERYONE HEARD THEM SPEAK IN HIS
- 00:06:28.168 --> 00:06:29.670
- HEARD THEM SPEAK IN HIS OWN LANGUAGE.
- 00:06:29.736 --> 00:06:32.973
- OWN LANGUAGE. THEN THEY WERE ALL AMAZED
- 00:06:33.040 --> 00:06:34.174
- THEN THEY WERE ALL AMAZED AND MARVELED, SAYING TO
- 00:06:34.241 --> 00:06:35.742
- AND MARVELED, SAYING TO ONE ANOTHER, "LOOK, ARE
- 00:06:35.809 --> 00:06:36.810
- ONE ANOTHER, "LOOK, ARE NOT ALL THESE WHO
- 00:06:36.877 --> 00:06:38.111
- NOT ALL THESE WHO SPEAK GALILEANS?
- 00:06:38.178 --> 00:06:40.247
- SPEAK GALILEANS? AND HOW IS IT THAT EACH OF
- 00:06:40.314 --> 00:06:41.448
- AND HOW IS IT THAT EACH OF US HEARS OUR OWN LANGUAGE
- 00:06:41.515 --> 00:06:42.950
- US HEARS OUR OWN LANGUAGE IN WHICH WE WERE BORN?"
- 00:06:43.016 --> 00:06:44.818
- IN WHICH WE WERE BORN?" - JUSTO L. GONZALEZ:
- 00:06:44.885 --> 00:06:47.621
- - JUSTO L. GONZALEZ: PENTECOST, ááGOD, ááTHE
- 00:06:47.688 --> 00:06:49.456
- PENTECOST, ááGOD, ááTHE ááSPIRIT,
- 00:06:49.523 --> 00:06:50.691
- ááSPIRIT, WANTED TO DO WAS TO MAKE
- 00:06:50.757 --> 00:06:51.558
- WANTED TO DO WAS TO MAKE EVERYBODY UNDERSTAND.
- 00:06:51.625 --> 00:06:52.125
- EVERYBODY UNDERSTAND. THE SPIRIT HAVE TWO
- 00:06:52.192 --> 00:06:53.727
- THE SPIRIT HAVE TWO CHOICES: ONE CHOICE WOULD
- 00:06:53.794 --> 00:06:54.728
- CHOICES: ONE CHOICE WOULD BE TO MAKE EVERYBODY
- 00:06:54.795 --> 00:06:55.295
- BE TO MAKE EVERYBODY UNDERSTAND THE LANGUAGE OF
- 00:06:55.362 --> 00:06:56.063
- UNDERSTAND THE LANGUAGE OF THE APOSTLES.
- 00:06:56.129 --> 00:06:56.830
- THE APOSTLES. THE OTHER CHOICE WAS TO
- 00:06:56.897 --> 00:06:57.564
- THE OTHER CHOICE WAS TO HAVE EVERYBODY UNDERSTAND
- 00:06:57.631 --> 00:06:58.465
- HAVE EVERYBODY UNDERSTAND IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE.
- 00:06:58.532 --> 00:07:03.237
- - JUSTO: AND THE SPIRIT
- 00:07:03.770 --> 00:07:04.404
- - JUSTO: AND THE SPIRIT CHOOSES THE SECOND ONE,
- 00:07:04.471 --> 00:07:05.172
- CHOOSES THE SECOND ONE, AND I THINK THAT'S NORMAL
- 00:07:05.239 --> 00:07:06.073
- AND I THINK THAT'S NORMAL THING FOR CHRISTIANITY
- 00:07:06.139 --> 00:07:07.374
- THING FOR CHRISTIANITY BECAUSE PART OF WHAT
- 00:07:07.441 --> 00:07:08.575
- BECAUSE PART OF WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT FROM THE
- 00:07:08.642 --> 00:07:09.476
- HAPPENS IS THAT FROM THE VERY BEGINNING,
- 00:07:09.543 --> 00:07:10.410
- VERY BEGINNING, CHRISTIANITY HAS BEEN
- 00:07:10.477 --> 00:07:11.144
- CHRISTIANITY HAS BEEN TRANSLATABLE.
- 00:07:11.211 --> 00:07:13.113
- TRANSLATABLE. WHEN I HAVE A BIBLE IN
- 00:07:13.180 --> 00:07:13.680
- WHEN I HAVE A BIBLE IN SPANISH, I DON'T SAY TO
- 00:07:13.747 --> 00:07:14.948
- SPANISH, I DON'T SAY TO MYSELF, "THIS IS
- 00:07:15.015 --> 00:07:16.817
- MYSELF, "THIS IS TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE."
- 00:07:16.884 --> 00:07:19.987
- TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE." I SAY, "THIS IS THE BIBLE."
- 00:07:20.053 --> 00:07:21.221
- WELL, THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT
- 00:07:22.189 --> 00:07:22.823
- WELL, THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT IT THAT MAKES IT ADAPTABLE
- 00:07:22.890 --> 00:07:23.857
- IT THAT MAKES IT ADAPTABLE TO DIFFERENT CULTURES.
- 00:07:23.924 --> 00:07:26.727
- TO DIFFERENT CULTURES. ♪
- 00:07:26.793 --> 00:07:28.028
- ♪ - DENNIS: THE REST OF
- 00:07:28.095 --> 00:07:28.595
- - DENNIS: THE REST OF ACTS CHAPTER 2, REPORTS
- 00:07:28.662 --> 00:07:29.396
- ACTS CHAPTER 2, REPORTS HOW PETER SPOKE BOLDLY TO
- 00:07:29.463 --> 00:07:30.731
- HOW PETER SPOKE BOLDLY TO THE CROWD IN THE FIRST
- 00:07:30.797 --> 00:07:32.232
- THE CROWD IN THE FIRST PUBLIC PROCLAMATION OF THE
- 00:07:32.299 --> 00:07:35.536
- PUBLIC PROCLAMATION OF THE GOSPEL AND THAT 3,000
- 00:07:35.602 --> 00:07:36.503
- GOSPEL AND THAT 3,000 SOULS WERE ADDED TO
- 00:07:36.570 --> 00:07:37.337
- SOULS WERE ADDED TO JESUS'S FOLLOWERS THAT DAY.
- 00:07:37.404 --> 00:07:40.574
- JESUS'S FOLLOWERS THAT DAY. - DIARMAID MACCULLOCH:
- 00:07:40.641 --> 00:07:41.174
- - DIARMAID MACCULLOCH: THEY FOUND SOMETHING
- 00:07:41.241 --> 00:07:41.742
- THEY FOUND SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY AND NEW,
- 00:07:41.808 --> 00:07:44.511
- EXTRAORDINARY AND NEW, WHICH WAS THAT PROPHECIES
- 00:07:44.578 --> 00:07:45.178
- WHICH WAS THAT PROPHECIES WHICH THE JEWS AMONG THEM
- 00:07:45.245 --> 00:07:47.614
- WHICH THE JEWS AMONG THEM HAD HEARD FROM CHILDHOOD
- 00:07:47.681 --> 00:07:48.916
- HAD HEARD FROM CHILDHOOD HAD NOW BEEN FULFILLED IN
- 00:07:48.982 --> 00:07:51.018
- HAD NOW BEEN FULFILLED IN A TOTALLY UNEXPECTED WAY
- 00:07:51.084 --> 00:07:52.819
- A TOTALLY UNEXPECTED WAY IN A PERSON WHO HAD LEFT
- 00:07:52.886 --> 00:07:54.621
- IN A PERSON WHO HAD LEFT SAYINGS WHICH THEY WOULD
- 00:07:54.688 --> 00:07:58.191
- SAYINGS WHICH THEY WOULD SPREAD THROUGH THE REST OF
- 00:07:58.258 --> 00:07:59.993
- SPREAD THROUGH THE REST OF THE WORLD, AND SO QUICKLY,
- 00:08:00.060 --> 00:08:00.827
- THE WORLD, AND SO QUICKLY, THEY GOT THE SENSE THAT
- 00:08:00.894 --> 00:08:02.095
- THEY GOT THE SENSE THAT THIS WAS NOT JUST A
- 00:08:02.162 --> 00:08:02.963
- THIS WAS NOT JUST A MESSAGE FOR THEIR JEWISH PAST.
- 00:08:03.030 --> 00:08:06.366
- MESSAGE FOR THEIR JEWISH PAST. IT WAS A MESSAGE FOR ALL
- 00:08:06.433 --> 00:08:07.067
- IT WAS A MESSAGE FOR ALL PEOPLE ANYWHERE.
- 00:08:07.134 --> 00:08:10.137
- PEOPLE ANYWHERE. [MUSIC]
- 00:08:10.203 --> 00:08:12.906
- [MUSIC] - JERRY: JUST AS THE
- 00:08:12.973 --> 00:08:13.473
- - JERRY: JUST AS THE UPPER ROOM AND THE
- 00:08:13.540 --> 00:08:14.341
- UPPER ROOM AND THE OUTPOURING OF THE HOLY
- 00:08:14.408 --> 00:08:16.043
- OUTPOURING OF THE HOLY SPIRIT SIGNIFIES A MAJOR
- 00:08:16.109 --> 00:08:17.477
- SPIRIT SIGNIFIES A MAJOR MOMENT IN THE SPREAD OF
- 00:08:17.544 --> 00:08:18.979
- MOMENT IN THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY, SO DOES PETER,
- 00:08:19.046 --> 00:08:21.348
- CHRISTIANITY, SO DOES PETER, GOING TO THE HOUSE OF CORNELIUS,
- 00:08:21.415 --> 00:08:22.382
- GOING TO THE HOUSE OF CORNELIUS, A NON-JEWISH FAMILY.
- 00:08:22.449 --> 00:08:25.986
- A NON-JEWISH FAMILY. THAT WAS FORBIDDEN IN
- 00:08:26.053 --> 00:08:26.687
- THAT WAS FORBIDDEN IN JEWISH PRACTICE.
- 00:08:26.753 --> 00:08:30.624
- JEWISH PRACTICE. NOT ONLY DID THEY BELIEVE
- 00:08:30.691 --> 00:08:31.625
- NOT ONLY DID THEY BELIEVE IN THE FIRST GENTILE
- 00:08:31.692 --> 00:08:33.794
- IN THE FIRST GENTILE CONVERTS WE KNOW OF,
- 00:08:33.860 --> 00:08:34.861
- CONVERTS WE KNOW OF, THERE MAY BEEN OTHERS.
- 00:08:34.928 --> 00:08:35.963
- THERE MAY BEEN OTHERS. IT WAS THE FIRST RECORDED.
- 00:08:36.029 --> 00:08:40.167
- IT WAS THE FIRST RECORDED. WHEN HE'S WITH THE
- 00:08:40.233 --> 00:08:42.102
- WHEN HE'S WITH THE DISCIPLES AGAIN,
- 00:08:42.169 --> 00:08:43.136
- DISCIPLES AGAIN, SOME THINK THAT HE BLEW IT,
- 00:08:43.203 --> 00:08:43.804
- SOME THINK THAT HE BLEW IT, HE WENT OFF THE RAILS A
- 00:08:43.870 --> 00:08:45.072
- HE WENT OFF THE RAILS A BIT-- WERE QUESTIONING IT,
- 00:08:45.138 --> 00:08:49.576
- BIT-- WERE QUESTIONING IT, AND SO YOU SEE THIS TENSION.
- 00:08:49.643 --> 00:08:51.812
- AND SO YOU SEE THIS TENSION. [MUSIC]
- 00:08:51.878 --> 00:08:54.247
- [MUSIC] - JERRY: UP UNTIL THIS
- 00:08:54.314 --> 00:08:54.848
- - JERRY: UP UNTIL THIS POINT, ONLY JEWS COULD
- 00:08:54.915 --> 00:08:55.849
- POINT, ONLY JEWS COULD BECOME CHRISTIANS.
- 00:08:55.916 --> 00:08:59.219
- BECOME CHRISTIANS. [MUSIC]
- 00:08:59.286 --> 00:09:01.154
- [MUSIC] - NARRATOR AS PETER:
- 00:09:01.221 --> 00:09:02.956
- - NARRATOR AS PETER: "AS I BEGAN TO SPEAK, THE
- 00:09:03.023 --> 00:09:03.824
- "AS I BEGAN TO SPEAK, THE HOLY SPIRIT FELL ON THEM,
- 00:09:03.890 --> 00:09:06.026
- HOLY SPIRIT FELL ON THEM, JUST AS ON US, AT THE
- 00:09:06.093 --> 00:09:06.693
- JUST AS ON US, AT THE BEGINNING."
- 00:09:06.760 --> 00:09:09.896
- BEGINNING." "AND I REMEMBERED THE WORD OF
- 00:09:09.963 --> 00:09:10.697
- "AND I REMEMBERED THE WORD OF THE LORD, HOW HE SAID,
- 00:09:10.764 --> 00:09:11.832
- THE LORD, HOW HE SAID, 'JOHN BAPTIZED WITH WATER,
- 00:09:11.898 --> 00:09:13.467
- 'JOHN BAPTIZED WITH WATER, BUT YOU WILL BE BAPTIZED
- 00:09:13.533 --> 00:09:15.335
- BUT YOU WILL BE BAPTIZED WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT.'
- 00:09:15.402 --> 00:09:18.805
- WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT.' IF THEN GOD GAVE THE SAME
- 00:09:18.872 --> 00:09:19.973
- IF THEN GOD GAVE THE SAME GIFT TO THEM AS HE GAVE TO
- 00:09:20.040 --> 00:09:21.842
- GIFT TO THEM AS HE GAVE TO US WHEN WE BELIEVED IN THE
- 00:09:21.908 --> 00:09:23.043
- US WHEN WE BELIEVED IN THE LORD JESUS CHRIST, WHO WAS
- 00:09:23.110 --> 00:09:24.411
- LORD JESUS CHRIST, WHO WAS I, THAT I COULD STAND IN
- 00:09:24.478 --> 00:09:25.812
- I, THAT I COULD STAND IN GOD'S WAY?"
- 00:09:25.879 --> 00:09:29.049
- [MUSIC]
- 00:09:31.351 --> 00:09:37.491
- - JERRY: AROUND A.D. 49-50,
- 00:09:39.059 --> 00:09:40.594
- - JERRY: AROUND A.D. 49-50, WE KNOW THERE'S A GATHERING
- 00:09:40.661 --> 00:09:41.828
- WE KNOW THERE'S A GATHERING IN JERUSALEM ABOUT WHAT
- 00:09:41.895 --> 00:09:43.063
- IN JERUSALEM ABOUT WHAT GENTILE CONVERTS
- 00:09:43.130 --> 00:09:44.264
- GENTILE CONVERTS NEED TO DO.
- 00:09:44.331 --> 00:09:45.766
- NEED TO DO. JAMES SUMS IT UP, IF YOU
- 00:09:45.832 --> 00:09:46.933
- JAMES SUMS IT UP, IF YOU WILL, TO SAY THAT GENTILE
- 00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:48.568
- WILL, TO SAY THAT GENTILE CONVERTS DON'T NEED TO GO
- 00:09:48.635 --> 00:09:49.736
- CONVERTS DON'T NEED TO GO THROUGH ALL THE RITUALS OF
- 00:09:49.803 --> 00:09:51.705
- THROUGH ALL THE RITUALS OF THE JEWS.
- 00:09:51.772 --> 00:09:54.007
- THE JEWS. - JUSTO: I THINK JESUS
- 00:09:54.074 --> 00:09:54.608
- - JUSTO: I THINK JESUS ALWAYS SHOWED COMPASSION
- 00:09:54.675 --> 00:09:55.709
- ALWAYS SHOWED COMPASSION FOR ALL, BUT ESPECIALLY
- 00:09:55.776 --> 00:09:59.112
- FOR ALL, BUT ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE PEOPLE THAT
- 00:09:59.179 --> 00:10:00.013
- FOR THOSE PEOPLE THAT NOBODY CARED FOR.
- 00:10:00.080 --> 00:10:01.381
- NOBODY CARED FOR. - CATHERINE GUNSALUS
- 00:10:01.448 --> 00:10:02.549
- - CATHERINE GUNSALUS GONZALEZ: I THINK IT WAS
- 00:10:02.616 --> 00:10:03.150
- GONZALEZ: I THINK IT WAS ALONG WITH HIS INCLUSION
- 00:10:03.216 --> 00:10:04.217
- ALONG WITH HIS INCLUSION OF OTHERS, SEEING PEOPLE
- 00:10:04.284 --> 00:10:04.818
- OF OTHERS, SEEING PEOPLE THAT THE REST OF SOCIETY
- 00:10:04.885 --> 00:10:05.886
- THAT THE REST OF SOCIETY DID NOT SEE AS FULLY
- 00:10:05.952 --> 00:10:06.987
- DID NOT SEE AS FULLY HUMAN, SEEING THEM AS
- 00:10:07.054 --> 00:10:08.355
- HUMAN, SEEING THEM AS FULLY HUMAN, WHETHER IT
- 00:10:08.422 --> 00:10:09.956
- FULLY HUMAN, WHETHER IT WAS LEPERS, WHETHER IT WAS
- 00:10:10.023 --> 00:10:11.892
- WAS LEPERS, WHETHER IT WAS THE BLIND, WHETHER IT WAS
- 00:10:11.958 --> 00:10:13.360
- THE BLIND, WHETHER IT WAS CHILDREN, AND,
- 00:10:13.427 --> 00:10:14.828
- CHILDREN, AND, UNFORTUNATELY, WOMEN FELL
- 00:10:14.895 --> 00:10:15.562
- UNFORTUNATELY, WOMEN FELL IN THAT CATEGORY.
- 00:10:15.629 --> 00:10:17.030
- IN THAT CATEGORY. WHAT PEOPLE HAVE DONE
- 00:10:17.097 --> 00:10:19.332
- WHAT PEOPLE HAVE DONE ABOUT STATISTICS IN THE
- 00:10:19.399 --> 00:10:20.267
- ABOUT STATISTICS IN THE EARLY CHURCH IS PROBABLY
- 00:10:20.333 --> 00:10:21.768
- EARLY CHURCH IS PROBABLY 60% WOMEN, 40% MEN.
- 00:10:21.835 --> 00:10:26.339
- - JUSTO: WE HAVE NOT
- 00:10:26.907 --> 00:10:27.708
- - JUSTO: WE HAVE NOT LEARNED HOW TO SEE WHAT
- 00:10:27.774 --> 00:10:28.542
- LEARNED HOW TO SEE WHAT THE GOSPEL SAY ABOUT WOMEN
- 00:10:28.608 --> 00:10:29.376
- THE GOSPEL SAY ABOUT WOMEN UNTIL VERY RECENTLY
- 00:10:29.443 --> 00:10:30.177
- UNTIL VERY RECENTLY BECAUSE MOST
- 00:10:30.243 --> 00:10:32.345
- BECAUSE MOST INTERPRETATION WAS ALL BY
- 00:10:32.412 --> 00:10:33.547
- INTERPRETATION WAS ALL BY MEN, AND THAT'S WHY THE
- 00:10:33.613 --> 00:10:35.082
- MEN, AND THAT'S WHY THE CHILDREN ARE SO IMPORTANT.
- 00:10:35.148 --> 00:10:36.083
- CHILDREN ARE SO IMPORTANT. WE TEND TO THINK THAT THE
- 00:10:36.149 --> 00:10:37.217
- WE TEND TO THINK THAT THE CHILDREN AREN'T
- 00:10:37.284 --> 00:10:37.851
- CHILDREN AREN'T IMPORTANT IN THE GOSPELS
- 00:10:37.918 --> 00:10:38.685
- IMPORTANT IN THE GOSPELS BECAUSE THEY'RE LITTLE--
- 00:10:38.752 --> 00:10:40.420
- BECAUSE THEY'RE LITTLE-- YOU KNOW, THEY'RE SO CUTE.
- 00:10:40.487 --> 00:10:41.388
- YOU KNOW, THEY'RE SO CUTE. AND SO, NO, IT'S BECAUSE
- 00:10:41.455 --> 00:10:42.155
- AND SO, NO, IT'S BECAUSE THEY'RE CONSIDERED NOBODY.
- 00:10:42.222 --> 00:10:43.390
- THEY'RE CONSIDERED NOBODY. AND THE SAME THING
- 00:10:43.457 --> 00:10:45.826
- AND THE SAME THING HAPPENED TO WOMEN VERY OFTEN.
- 00:10:45.892 --> 00:10:49.696
- - CATHERINE: IN THE EARLY
- 00:10:50.263 --> 00:10:50.831
- - CATHERINE: IN THE EARLY CHURCH, SO MUCH OF MISSION
- 00:10:50.897 --> 00:10:52.132
- CHURCH, SO MUCH OF MISSION WAS IN THE LIFESTYLE.
- 00:10:52.199 --> 00:10:54.935
- WAS IN THE LIFESTYLE. IT WAS THE SENSE OF
- 00:10:55.001 --> 00:10:56.837
- IT WAS THE SENSE OF SECURITY AND JOY IN PEOPLE
- 00:10:56.903 --> 00:10:57.471
- SECURITY AND JOY IN PEOPLE THAT YOU DIDN'T EXPECT
- 00:10:57.537 --> 00:10:58.472
- THAT YOU DIDN'T EXPECT THAT, THEN, SOMEONE COULD
- 00:10:58.538 --> 00:10:59.272
- THAT, THEN, SOMEONE COULD SAY, "I WANT WHAT YOU
- 00:10:59.339 --> 00:11:01.007
- SAY, "I WANT WHAT YOU HAVE, SO HOW DO I GET IT?"
- 00:11:01.074 --> 00:11:03.210
- HAVE, SO HOW DO I GET IT?" IT'S THAT KIND OF MISSION
- 00:11:03.276 --> 00:11:04.544
- IT'S THAT KIND OF MISSION WHICH IS PEOPLE ASKING YOU
- 00:11:04.611 --> 00:11:06.480
- WHICH IS PEOPLE ASKING YOU ABOUT CHRISTIANITY, AND I
- 00:11:06.546 --> 00:11:07.781
- ABOUT CHRISTIANITY, AND I THINK THAT'S WHAT HELPED
- 00:11:07.848 --> 00:11:10.817
- THINK THAT'S WHAT HELPED THE EARLY CHURCH GROW RAPIDLY.
- 00:11:10.884 --> 00:11:14.254
- THE EARLY CHURCH GROW RAPIDLY. - JERRY: FOR MANY OF THE
- 00:11:14.321 --> 00:11:15.055
- - JERRY: FOR MANY OF THE CHRISTIANS, THEY WOULD ALL
- 00:11:15.122 --> 00:11:15.989
- CHRISTIANS, THEY WOULD ALL GATHER SOMEPLACE EACH
- 00:11:16.056 --> 00:11:16.590
- GATHER SOMEPLACE EACH MORNING AND HAVE
- 00:11:16.656 --> 00:11:17.557
- MORNING AND HAVE COMMUNION, SO IT WAS IN
- 00:11:17.624 --> 00:11:19.192
- COMMUNION, SO IT WAS IN DIFFERENT HOUSES.
- 00:11:19.259 --> 00:11:23.663
- DIFFERENT HOUSES. - JUSTO: WHEN YOU'RE
- 00:11:23.730 --> 00:11:24.231
- - JUSTO: WHEN YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT JESUS BEING
- 00:11:24.297 --> 00:11:25.098
- TALKING ABOUT JESUS BEING INCLUSIVE, I THINK WE ALSO HAVE
- 00:11:25.165 --> 00:11:26.933
- INCLUSIVE, I THINK WE ALSO HAVE TO TALK ABOUT THE FINAL
- 00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:27.868
- TO TALK ABOUT THE FINAL INCLUSIVITY OF HIS LAST
- 00:11:27.934 --> 00:11:29.202
- INCLUSIVITY OF HIS LAST MESSAGE FOR THE DISCIPLES,
- 00:11:29.269 --> 00:11:30.971
- MESSAGE FOR THE DISCIPLES, "GO YE THEREFORE," BUT
- 00:11:31.037 --> 00:11:32.773
- "GO YE THEREFORE," BUT "THEREFORE" REQUIRES
- 00:11:32.839 --> 00:11:33.740
- "THEREFORE" REQUIRES SOMETHING BEFORE THAT.
- 00:11:33.807 --> 00:11:35.876
- SOMETHING BEFORE THAT. AND HE SAYS, "ALL POWER IS
- 00:11:35.942 --> 00:11:36.943
- AND HE SAYS, "ALL POWER IS GIVEN TO ME IN HEAVEN AND
- 00:11:37.010 --> 00:11:38.111
- GIVEN TO ME IN HEAVEN AND OF EARTH," WHICH MEANS
- 00:11:38.178 --> 00:11:40.113
- OF EARTH," WHICH MEANS JESUS IS NOT TELLING THE
- 00:11:40.180 --> 00:11:41.681
- JESUS IS NOT TELLING THE DISCIPLES,
- 00:11:41.748 --> 00:11:43.216
- DISCIPLES, "GO AND TAKE ME PLACES."
- 00:11:43.283 --> 00:11:44.684
- "GO AND TAKE ME PLACES." JESUS IS TELLING
- 00:11:44.751 --> 00:11:45.786
- JESUS IS TELLING THE DISCIPLES,
- 00:11:45.852 --> 00:11:47.120
- THE DISCIPLES, "I'M ALREADY THERE, SO GO AND
- 00:11:47.187 --> 00:11:48.188
- "I'M ALREADY THERE, SO GO AND MEET ME THERE."
- 00:11:48.255 --> 00:11:52.459
- [VOCALIZING]
- 00:11:56.963 --> 00:12:01.268
- - DIARMAID: IN THE BOOK
- 00:12:02.269 --> 00:12:02.803
- - DIARMAID: IN THE BOOK OF ACTS OF THE APOSTLES,
- 00:12:02.869 --> 00:12:03.603
- OF ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, PHILIP HAS AN ENCOUNTER
- 00:12:03.670 --> 00:12:04.204
- PHILIP HAS AN ENCOUNTER WITH AN ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH.
- 00:12:04.271 --> 00:12:05.572
- WITH AN ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH. HE WAS THE MOST EXOTIC
- 00:12:05.639 --> 00:12:07.407
- HE WAS THE MOST EXOTIC PERSON A JEW COULD
- 00:12:07.474 --> 00:12:10.277
- PERSON A JEW COULD CONCEIVE OF, AND HERE IS A
- 00:12:10.343 --> 00:12:12.612
- CONCEIVE OF, AND HERE IS A CONVERSATION BETWEEN ONE
- 00:12:12.679 --> 00:12:14.748
- CONVERSATION BETWEEN ONE OF THE VERY FIRST APOSTLES
- 00:12:14.815 --> 00:12:15.749
- OF THE VERY FIRST APOSTLES AND THIS FIGURE WHO IS
- 00:12:15.816 --> 00:12:17.484
- AND THIS FIGURE WHO IS FULL OF CURIOSITY.
- 00:12:17.551 --> 00:12:19.119
- FULL OF CURIOSITY. SOMEHOW, HE HAS PICKED UP
- 00:12:19.186 --> 00:12:21.388
- SOMEHOW, HE HAS PICKED UP THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES,
- 00:12:21.454 --> 00:12:22.856
- THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES, WHICH HAVE PROPHECIES IN THEM.
- 00:12:22.923 --> 00:12:26.092
- WHICH HAVE PROPHECIES IN THEM. HE TALKS TO THE STRANGER,
- 00:12:26.159 --> 00:12:27.327
- HE TALKS TO THE STRANGER, AND THE REST IS HISTORY.
- 00:12:27.394 --> 00:12:29.129
- AND THE REST IS HISTORY. IT'S SET TO DIRECTION.
- 00:12:29.196 --> 00:12:31.097
- IT'S SET TO DIRECTION. HERE WAS A MESSAGE FOR THE
- 00:12:31.164 --> 00:12:32.232
- HERE WAS A MESSAGE FOR THE WHOLE WORLD.
- 00:12:32.299 --> 00:12:36.236
- - JOYCE FRANCOIS: QUITE
- 00:12:37.070 --> 00:12:37.604
- - JOYCE FRANCOIS: QUITE BIBLICALLY, THE GREAT
- 00:12:37.671 --> 00:12:39.072
- BIBLICALLY, THE GREAT ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH IN THE
- 00:12:39.139 --> 00:12:40.006
- ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH IN THE NEW TESTAMENT, PUSHED
- 00:12:40.073 --> 00:12:41.007
- NEW TESTAMENT, PUSHED CHRISTIANITY INTO NORTH
- 00:12:41.074 --> 00:12:42.542
- CHRISTIANITY INTO NORTH AFRICA BEFORE PAUL STARTED
- 00:12:42.609 --> 00:12:43.977
- AFRICA BEFORE PAUL STARTED HIS MISSIONARY JOURNEYS.
- 00:12:44.044 --> 00:12:49.850
- - JOYCE: I WOULD TAKE THAT
- 00:12:51.551 --> 00:12:52.219
- - JOYCE: I WOULD TAKE THAT AS THE BEGINNING INTO AFRICA.
- 00:12:52.285 --> 00:12:55.522
- - JOYCE: NORTH OF AFRICA
- 00:12:56.089 --> 00:12:56.656
- - JOYCE: NORTH OF AFRICA HAD CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:12:56.723 --> 00:12:57.357
- HAD CHRISTIANITY. IN FACT, THE GREAT
- 00:12:57.424 --> 00:12:57.891
- IN FACT, THE GREAT CHRISTIAN SCHOLARS,
- 00:12:57.958 --> 00:12:58.725
- CHRISTIAN SCHOLARS, ORIGEN, TERTULLIAN,
- 00:12:58.792 --> 00:12:59.526
- ORIGEN, TERTULLIAN, CLEMENT, THEY WERE ALL
- 00:12:59.593 --> 00:13:00.193
- CLEMENT, THEY WERE ALL AFRICANS.
- 00:13:00.260 --> 00:13:05.465
- - DIARMAID: THESE PEOPLE
- 00:13:06.299 --> 00:13:06.867
- - DIARMAID: THESE PEOPLE WHO WERE TRADERS WHO MOVED
- 00:13:06.933 --> 00:13:08.568
- WHO WERE TRADERS WHO MOVED NATURALLY ALONG TRADE
- 00:13:08.635 --> 00:13:10.270
- NATURALLY ALONG TRADE ROUTES-- AND THAT'S
- 00:13:10.337 --> 00:13:11.338
- ROUTES-- AND THAT'S CLEARLY TRUE IN THE EARLY
- 00:13:11.404 --> 00:13:13.273
- CLEARLY TRUE IN THE EARLY CHURCH IN ETHIOPIA BECAUSE
- 00:13:13.340 --> 00:13:14.641
- CHURCH IN ETHIOPIA BECAUSE ITS CHRISTIANITY IS REALLY
- 00:13:14.708 --> 00:13:15.909
- ITS CHRISTIANITY IS REALLY FROM ACROSS THE RED SEA.
- 00:13:15.976 --> 00:13:19.779
- FROM ACROSS THE RED SEA. IT'S NOT FROM THE NORTH.
- 00:13:19.846 --> 00:13:20.614
- IT'S NOT FROM THE NORTH. IT'S FROM SYRIAC SOURCES,
- 00:13:20.680 --> 00:13:23.583
- IT'S FROM SYRIAC SOURCES, ARAB SOURCES.
- 00:13:23.650 --> 00:13:25.418
- ARAB SOURCES. YOU CAN SEE THE TRADE
- 00:13:25.485 --> 00:13:26.152
- YOU CAN SEE THE TRADE ROUTES ALREADY THERE.
- 00:13:26.219 --> 00:13:27.554
- ROUTES ALREADY THERE. YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE
- 00:13:27.621 --> 00:13:28.121
- YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF COINS,
- 00:13:28.188 --> 00:13:29.322
- DISTRIBUTION OF COINS, FOR INSTANCE.
- 00:13:29.389 --> 00:13:33.360
- - MICHAEL HOLMES:
- 00:13:34.261 --> 00:13:35.061
- - MICHAEL HOLMES: LITERACY IS FAIRLY LOW,
- 00:13:35.128 --> 00:13:36.062
- LITERACY IS FAIRLY LOW, AND SO INFORMATION SPREAD
- 00:13:36.129 --> 00:13:37.030
- AND SO INFORMATION SPREAD ORALLY.
- 00:13:37.097 --> 00:13:39.232
- ORALLY. THERE'S EVIDENCE OF THE
- 00:13:39.299 --> 00:13:39.966
- THERE'S EVIDENCE OF THE GOSPEL REACHING INDIA.
- 00:13:40.033 --> 00:13:41.835
- GOSPEL REACHING INDIA. THERE'S EVIDENCE OF THE
- 00:13:41.902 --> 00:13:42.636
- THERE'S EVIDENCE OF THE GOSPEL FOLLOWING A SILK
- 00:13:42.702 --> 00:13:44.170
- GOSPEL FOLLOWING A SILK ROAD, ALL THE WAY TO
- 00:13:44.237 --> 00:13:44.938
- ROAD, ALL THE WAY TO WESTERN CHINA, BUT WE HAVE
- 00:13:45.005 --> 00:13:46.039
- WESTERN CHINA, BUT WE HAVE THE EVIDENCE OF WHERE IT
- 00:13:46.106 --> 00:13:47.140
- THE EVIDENCE OF WHERE IT REACHED WITHOUT HAVING
- 00:13:47.207 --> 00:13:48.642
- REACHED WITHOUT HAVING MUCH ABOUT THE EVIDENCE OF
- 00:13:48.708 --> 00:13:50.510
- MUCH ABOUT THE EVIDENCE OF HOW OR WHERE IT STARTED OR
- 00:13:50.577 --> 00:13:52.445
- HOW OR WHERE IT STARTED OR HOW IT MOVED ALONG THE WAY.
- 00:13:52.512 --> 00:13:53.847
- HOW IT MOVED ALONG THE WAY. [MUSIC]
- 00:13:53.914 --> 00:13:57.117
- [MUSIC] - JONATHAN KIRKPATRICK:
- 00:13:57.183 --> 00:13:57.717
- - JONATHAN KIRKPATRICK: WE KNOW MOST ABOUT PAUL'S
- 00:13:57.784 --> 00:13:58.652
- WE KNOW MOST ABOUT PAUL'S MISSION.
- 00:13:58.718 --> 00:13:59.653
- MISSION. WE KNOW HE WAS EXTREMELY
- 00:13:59.719 --> 00:14:00.620
- WE KNOW HE WAS EXTREMELY PERSUASIVE.
- 00:14:00.687 --> 00:14:02.355
- PERSUASIVE. HE WAS A MAN WHO WAS A
- 00:14:02.422 --> 00:14:03.256
- HE WAS A MAN WHO WAS A CONVERT, SO HE PERSECUTED
- 00:14:03.323 --> 00:14:04.958
- CONVERT, SO HE PERSECUTED THE FLEDGLING CHRISTIAN
- 00:14:05.025 --> 00:14:07.027
- THE FLEDGLING CHRISTIAN FAITH, AND HE'D HAD A
- 00:14:07.093 --> 00:14:07.727
- FAITH, AND HE'D HAD A GREAT CHANGE OF MIND, AND
- 00:14:07.794 --> 00:14:09.629
- GREAT CHANGE OF MIND, AND OFTEN PEOPLE LIKE THAT ARE
- 00:14:09.696 --> 00:14:10.497
- OFTEN PEOPLE LIKE THAT ARE THE MOST CONVINCING.
- 00:14:10.563 --> 00:14:11.631
- THE MOST CONVINCING. HE TRAVELED GREATLY.
- 00:14:11.698 --> 00:14:14.167
- HE TRAVELED GREATLY. WE'VE GOT TO REMEMBER THAT
- 00:14:14.234 --> 00:14:15.001
- WE'VE GOT TO REMEMBER THAT PALESTINE WAS IN THE
- 00:14:15.068 --> 00:14:15.835
- PALESTINE WAS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
- 00:14:15.902 --> 00:14:17.237
- CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. PEOPLE WERE MOVING
- 00:14:17.304 --> 00:14:18.805
- PEOPLE WERE MOVING THROUGHOUT THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
- 00:14:18.872 --> 00:14:19.906
- THROUGHOUT THE ROMAN EMPIRE. THE JEWS, FOR SEVERAL
- 00:14:19.973 --> 00:14:21.007
- THE JEWS, FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES, HAD BEEN MOVING
- 00:14:21.074 --> 00:14:21.841
- CENTURIES, HAD BEEN MOVING ALL OVER.
- 00:14:21.908 --> 00:14:23.376
- ALL OVER. THERE WAS A COMMUNITY OF
- 00:14:23.443 --> 00:14:24.010
- THERE WAS A COMMUNITY OF JEWS IN ROME.
- 00:14:24.077 --> 00:14:24.911
- JEWS IN ROME. THERE WAS A BIG COMMUNITY
- 00:14:24.978 --> 00:14:26.012
- THERE WAS A BIG COMMUNITY OF JEWS IN ALEXANDRIA, AND
- 00:14:26.079 --> 00:14:27.547
- OF JEWS IN ALEXANDRIA, AND PAUL WAS LATCHING ON TO
- 00:14:27.614 --> 00:14:28.882
- PAUL WAS LATCHING ON TO THAT NETWORK WHEN HE TRAVELED.
- 00:14:28.949 --> 00:14:30.817
- THAT NETWORK WHEN HE TRAVELED. HE WOULD GO TO THE
- 00:14:30.884 --> 00:14:33.787
- HE WOULD GO TO THE SYNAGOGUES IN DIFFERENT PLACES.
- 00:14:33.853 --> 00:14:36.256
- [MUSIC]
- 00:14:36.923 --> 00:14:40.560
- - MICHAEL: CHRISTIANITY
- 00:14:41.127 --> 00:14:41.661
- - MICHAEL: CHRISTIANITY EMERGED FROM JUDAISM.
- 00:14:41.728 --> 00:14:42.662
- EMERGED FROM JUDAISM. IT WAS BORN WITH
- 00:14:42.729 --> 00:14:43.763
- IT WAS BORN WITH SCRIPTURES, THE JEWISH
- 00:14:43.830 --> 00:14:44.397
- SCRIPTURES, THE JEWISH SCRIPTURES, AS ITS SACRED
- 00:14:44.464 --> 00:14:46.232
- SCRIPTURES, AS ITS SACRED WRITINGS, AND THEY READ
- 00:14:46.299 --> 00:14:48.468
- WRITINGS, AND THEY READ THEM AS PART OF THEIR SERVICES.
- 00:14:48.535 --> 00:14:49.602
- THEM AS PART OF THEIR SERVICES. HE ALSO TOLD THE STORY
- 00:14:49.669 --> 00:14:51.271
- HE ALSO TOLD THE STORY OF JESUS.
- 00:14:51.338 --> 00:14:53.807
- OF JESUS. EVENTUALLY, THOSE STORIES
- 00:14:53.873 --> 00:14:54.607
- EVENTUALLY, THOSE STORIES ABOUT JESUS GOT WRITTEN
- 00:14:54.674 --> 00:14:55.742
- ABOUT JESUS GOT WRITTEN DOWN IN GOSPELS, WRITTEN
- 00:14:55.809 --> 00:14:56.910
- DOWN IN GOSPELS, WRITTEN BOOKS THAT GOT READ EVERY
- 00:14:56.977 --> 00:14:58.311
- BOOKS THAT GOT READ EVERY SUNDAY, JUST LIKE THE
- 00:14:58.378 --> 00:14:59.579
- SUNDAY, JUST LIKE THE JEWISH SCRIPTURES.
- 00:14:59.646 --> 00:15:01.548
- JEWISH SCRIPTURES. YOU ALSO HAD LETTERS FROM
- 00:15:01.614 --> 00:15:02.549
- YOU ALSO HAD LETTERS FROM EARLY CHRISTIAN LEADERS
- 00:15:02.615 --> 00:15:03.850
- EARLY CHRISTIAN LEADERS LIKE PAUL OR PETER OR
- 00:15:03.917 --> 00:15:05.285
- LIKE PAUL OR PETER OR JOHN, AND YOU HAD THOSE IN
- 00:15:05.352 --> 00:15:08.088
- JOHN, AND YOU HAD THOSE IN WRITTEN FORM, AND THEY GOT
- 00:15:08.154 --> 00:15:09.422
- WRITTEN FORM, AND THEY GOT READ IN THE SERVICES LIKE
- 00:15:09.489 --> 00:15:10.757
- READ IN THE SERVICES LIKE THE JEWISH SCRIPTURES.
- 00:15:10.824 --> 00:15:15.462
- - JONATHAN: ONE THING TO
- 00:15:16.663 --> 00:15:17.297
- - JONATHAN: ONE THING TO SAY ABOUT PAGAN RELIGION,
- 00:15:17.364 --> 00:15:18.631
- SAY ABOUT PAGAN RELIGION, AS WE CALL IT AT THIS
- 00:15:18.698 --> 00:15:19.833
- AS WE CALL IT AT THIS TIME, IS THAT IT WAS OFTEN
- 00:15:19.899 --> 00:15:21.067
- TIME, IS THAT IT WAS OFTEN VERY LOCAL, SO THERE WAS A
- 00:15:21.134 --> 00:15:22.335
- VERY LOCAL, SO THERE WAS A STRONG SENSE OF ETHNIC
- 00:15:22.402 --> 00:15:24.137
- STRONG SENSE OF ETHNIC IDENTITY WHERE PEOPLE FROM
- 00:15:24.204 --> 00:15:25.405
- IDENTITY WHERE PEOPLE FROM A PARTICULAR TOWN OR A
- 00:15:25.472 --> 00:15:26.439
- A PARTICULAR TOWN OR A PARTICULAR REGION WOULD
- 00:15:26.506 --> 00:15:27.941
- PARTICULAR REGION WOULD HAVE THEIR OWN PARTICULAR
- 00:15:28.008 --> 00:15:28.808
- HAVE THEIR OWN PARTICULAR GODS, AND I THINK PEOPLE
- 00:15:28.875 --> 00:15:30.877
- GODS, AND I THINK PEOPLE WHO'D MOVED AROUND THE
- 00:15:30.944 --> 00:15:32.045
- WHO'D MOVED AROUND THE ROMAN EMPIRE MAY WELL HAVE
- 00:15:32.112 --> 00:15:33.813
- ROMAN EMPIRE MAY WELL HAVE FELT DISLOCATED.
- 00:15:33.880 --> 00:15:35.081
- FELT DISLOCATED. THEY WOULDN'T NECESSARILY
- 00:15:35.148 --> 00:15:35.915
- THEY WOULDN'T NECESSARILY BE ATTACHED TO THE LOCAL
- 00:15:35.982 --> 00:15:37.684
- BE ATTACHED TO THE LOCAL RELIGIOUS TRADITION, AND
- 00:15:37.751 --> 00:15:38.752
- RELIGIOUS TRADITION, AND CHRISTIANITY PROVIDED A
- 00:15:38.818 --> 00:15:40.153
- CHRISTIANITY PROVIDED A SENSE OF ALLEGIANCE TO A
- 00:15:40.220 --> 00:15:42.355
- SENSE OF ALLEGIANCE TO A GOD WHO IS UNIVERSAL.
- 00:15:42.422 --> 00:15:43.690
- GOD WHO IS UNIVERSAL. HE WASN'T THE GOD JUST OF
- 00:15:43.757 --> 00:15:45.592
- HE WASN'T THE GOD JUST OF EPHESUS OR THE GOD JUST OF
- 00:15:45.658 --> 00:15:46.993
- EPHESUS OR THE GOD JUST OF CORINTH, OR THE GOD JUST
- 00:15:47.060 --> 00:15:48.661
- CORINTH, OR THE GOD JUST OF ALEXANDRIA.
- 00:15:48.728 --> 00:15:49.562
- OF ALEXANDRIA. WHEN PAUL WENT AROUND, HE
- 00:15:49.629 --> 00:15:51.231
- WHEN PAUL WENT AROUND, HE WAS ABLE TO SAY THAT THE
- 00:15:51.297 --> 00:15:52.632
- WAS ABLE TO SAY THAT THE GOD HE WAS PREACHING WAS A
- 00:15:52.699 --> 00:15:54.267
- GOD HE WAS PREACHING WAS A CREATOR GOD, A SAVIOR GOD,
- 00:15:54.334 --> 00:15:56.603
- CREATOR GOD, A SAVIOR GOD, A RULER GOD THROUGHOUT THE
- 00:15:56.669 --> 00:15:58.671
- A RULER GOD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND THAT WAS A
- 00:15:58.738 --> 00:15:59.839
- WORLD, AND THAT WAS A MESSAGE THAT CLEARLY FOUND
- 00:15:59.906 --> 00:16:00.807
- MESSAGE THAT CLEARLY FOUND AN AUDIENCE.
- 00:16:00.874 --> 00:16:03.676
- AN AUDIENCE. [MUSIC]
- 00:16:03.743 --> 00:16:06.780
- [MUSIC] - DAVID L. RIGGS: PAUL, WHEN
- 00:16:06.846 --> 00:16:07.814
- - DAVID L. RIGGS: PAUL, WHEN HE IS WRITING ABOUT GRACE
- 00:16:07.881 --> 00:16:10.016
- HE IS WRITING ABOUT GRACE IN EVERYDAY LIFE WAS
- 00:16:10.083 --> 00:16:11.051
- IN EVERYDAY LIFE WAS VERY COMMON.
- 00:16:11.117 --> 00:16:12.485
- VERY COMMON. IT WAS ONE THAT PEOPLE
- 00:16:12.552 --> 00:16:13.753
- IT WAS ONE THAT PEOPLE USED TO DESCRIBE THE
- 00:16:13.820 --> 00:16:14.788
- USED TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIPS THAT PEOPLE
- 00:16:14.854 --> 00:16:16.089
- RELATIONSHIPS THAT PEOPLE HAD WITH THEIR PATRONS,
- 00:16:16.156 --> 00:16:17.323
- HAD WITH THEIR PATRONS, A FAVOR THAT THAT
- 00:16:17.390 --> 00:16:19.192
- A FAVOR THAT THAT PATRON BESTOWED.
- 00:16:19.259 --> 00:16:21.094
- PATRON BESTOWED. THE CLIENT THEN WOULD
- 00:16:21.161 --> 00:16:23.830
- THE CLIENT THEN WOULD RECIPROCATE BY FINDING
- 00:16:23.897 --> 00:16:24.864
- RECIPROCATE BY FINDING WAYS TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE.
- 00:16:24.931 --> 00:16:26.633
- WAYS TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE. SO WHEN YOU HAVE PAUL
- 00:16:26.699 --> 00:16:27.200
- SO WHEN YOU HAVE PAUL USING THIS TERM, AND THEN
- 00:16:27.267 --> 00:16:28.034
- USING THIS TERM, AND THEN YOU HAVE CHRISTIANS LIKE
- 00:16:28.101 --> 00:16:29.402
- YOU HAVE CHRISTIANS LIKE TERTULLIAN AND CYPRIAN AND
- 00:16:29.469 --> 00:16:30.236
- TERTULLIAN AND CYPRIAN AND OTHERS IN NORTH AFRICA,
- 00:16:30.303 --> 00:16:32.238
- OTHERS IN NORTH AFRICA, TAKING UP THIS CONCEPT,
- 00:16:32.305 --> 00:16:33.206
- TAKING UP THIS CONCEPT, IT'S ONE THAT THEY'RE
- 00:16:33.273 --> 00:16:34.307
- IT'S ONE THAT THEY'RE GIVING A PARTICULAR
- 00:16:34.374 --> 00:16:35.675
- GIVING A PARTICULAR CHRISTIAN COMPLEXION TO,
- 00:16:35.742 --> 00:16:37.444
- CHRISTIAN COMPLEXION TO, STARTING WITH CREATION.
- 00:16:37.510 --> 00:16:38.912
- STARTING WITH CREATION. SO GOD CREATES AS THIS
- 00:16:38.978 --> 00:16:40.447
- SO GOD CREATES AS THIS INVITATION, AS THIS GIFT
- 00:16:40.513 --> 00:16:42.682
- INVITATION, AS THIS GIFT THAT INVITES US INTO THIS
- 00:16:42.749 --> 00:16:44.818
- THAT INVITES US INTO THIS GRACE RELATIONSHIP, AND
- 00:16:44.884 --> 00:16:46.619
- GRACE RELATIONSHIP, AND THEN THEY SEE THE
- 00:16:46.686 --> 00:16:47.654
- THEN THEY SEE THE INCARNATION AND THE WORK
- 00:16:47.720 --> 00:16:48.721
- INCARNATION AND THE WORK OF CHRIST AS A WAY TO DRAW
- 00:16:48.788 --> 00:16:50.323
- OF CHRIST AS A WAY TO DRAW US BACK INTO THIS GRACE
- 00:16:50.390 --> 00:16:52.192
- US BACK INTO THIS GRACE RELATIONSHIP, AND THEN
- 00:16:52.258 --> 00:16:54.127
- RELATIONSHIP, AND THEN THEY SEE PENTECOST AND THE
- 00:16:54.194 --> 00:16:54.828
- THEY SEE PENTECOST AND THE OUTPOURING OF THE
- 00:16:54.894 --> 00:16:56.129
- OUTPOURING OF THE HOLY SPIRIT ON THE CHURCH AS
- 00:16:56.196 --> 00:16:58.698
- HOLY SPIRIT ON THE CHURCH AS FAVOR THAT'S POURED OUT ON
- 00:16:58.765 --> 00:17:00.467
- FAVOR THAT'S POURED OUT ON THE COMMUNITY THAT MAKES
- 00:17:00.533 --> 00:17:01.468
- THE COMMUNITY THAT MAKES IT A COMMUNITY OF GRACE
- 00:17:01.534 --> 00:17:02.936
- IT A COMMUNITY OF GRACE THAT THEN MEANS THEY'RE
- 00:17:03.002 --> 00:17:04.637
- THAT THEN MEANS THEY'RE EMPOWERED BY THE HOLY
- 00:17:04.704 --> 00:17:05.371
- EMPOWERED BY THE HOLY SPIRIT TO GIVE BACK.
- 00:17:05.438 --> 00:17:08.374
- SPIRIT TO GIVE BACK. TO BE AN INGRATE, TO BE
- 00:17:08.441 --> 00:17:09.909
- TO BE AN INGRATE, TO BE SOMEBODY THAT DID NOT
- 00:17:09.976 --> 00:17:10.743
- SOMEBODY THAT DID NOT RECIPROCATE GRACE, WAS ONE
- 00:17:10.810 --> 00:17:11.678
- RECIPROCATE GRACE, WAS ONE OF THE BIGGEST SINS
- 00:17:11.744 --> 00:17:12.779
- OF THE BIGGEST SINS ACCORDING TO SENECA IN THE
- 00:17:12.846 --> 00:17:14.180
- ACCORDING TO SENECA IN THE ROMAN WORLD.
- 00:17:14.247 --> 00:17:19.319
- ROMAN WORLD. - NARRATOR: "GOD GAVE US
- 00:17:19.385 --> 00:17:19.953
- - NARRATOR: "GOD GAVE US A SPIRIT NOT OF FEAR BUT
- 00:17:20.019 --> 00:17:21.321
- A SPIRIT NOT OF FEAR BUT OF POWER AND LOVE AND
- 00:17:21.387 --> 00:17:23.923
- OF POWER AND LOVE AND SELF-CONTROL.
- 00:17:23.990 --> 00:17:27.827
- SELF-CONTROL. THEREFORE DO NOT BE
- 00:17:27.894 --> 00:17:28.728
- THEREFORE DO NOT BE ASHAMED OF THE TESTIMONY
- 00:17:28.795 --> 00:17:29.963
- ASHAMED OF THE TESTIMONY ABOUT OUR LORD, NOR OF ME
- 00:17:30.029 --> 00:17:33.066
- ABOUT OUR LORD, NOR OF ME HIS PRISONER, BUT SHARE IN
- 00:17:33.133 --> 00:17:34.100
- HIS PRISONER, BUT SHARE IN THE SUFFERING FOR THE
- 00:17:34.167 --> 00:17:36.169
- THE SUFFERING FOR THE GOSPEL BY THE POWER OF
- 00:17:36.236 --> 00:17:39.139
- GOSPEL BY THE POWER OF GOD, WHO SAVED US AND
- 00:17:39.205 --> 00:17:41.407
- GOD, WHO SAVED US AND CALLED US TO A HOLY
- 00:17:41.474 --> 00:17:43.543
- CALLED US TO A HOLY CALLING, NOT BECAUSE OF
- 00:17:43.610 --> 00:17:48.948
- CALLING, NOT BECAUSE OF OUR WORKS BUT BECAUSE OF
- 00:17:49.015 --> 00:17:49.916
- OUR WORKS BUT BECAUSE OF HIS OWN PURPOSE AND GRACE,
- 00:17:49.983 --> 00:17:50.817
- HIS OWN PURPOSE AND GRACE, WHICH HE GAVE US IN CHRIST
- 00:17:50.884 --> 00:17:53.786
- WHICH HE GAVE US IN CHRIST JESUS BEFORE THE AGES
- 00:17:53.853 --> 00:17:55.788
- JESUS BEFORE THE AGES BEGAN."
- 00:17:55.855 --> 00:18:03.096
- - STANLEY P. ROSENBERG:
- 00:18:03.763 --> 00:18:04.464
- - STANLEY P. ROSENBERG: ROMAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
- 00:18:04.531 --> 00:18:05.098
- ROMAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY TURNS ON THE NOTION OF THE
- 00:18:05.165 --> 00:18:05.732
- TURNS ON THE NOTION OF THE "PAX DEORUM,"
- 00:18:05.798 --> 00:18:07.567
- "PAX DEORUM," THE "PEACE OF THE GODS."
- 00:18:07.634 --> 00:18:08.168
- THE "PEACE OF THE GODS." CONSTANTLY IN ANCIENT WORLD,
- 00:18:08.234 --> 00:18:09.669
- CONSTANTLY IN ANCIENT WORLD, YOU'RE PLAYING OFF OF THE
- 00:18:09.736 --> 00:18:10.470
- YOU'RE PLAYING OFF OF THE CAPRICE OF ONE GOD OFF ANOTHER,
- 00:18:10.537 --> 00:18:11.905
- CAPRICE OF ONE GOD OFF ANOTHER, SO IT FLOODS.
- 00:18:11.971 --> 00:18:13.606
- SO IT FLOODS. WHY IS IT FLOODED?
- 00:18:13.673 --> 00:18:14.774
- WHY IS IT FLOODED? WELL, PERHAPS YOU HAVE
- 00:18:14.841 --> 00:18:15.408
- WELL, PERHAPS YOU HAVE ANGERED THE GOD OF THE
- 00:18:15.475 --> 00:18:17.076
- ANGERED THE GOD OF THE RAIN OR THE GOD OF THE RIVER.
- 00:18:17.143 --> 00:18:19.112
- RAIN OR THE GOD OF THE RIVER. WHY HAVE YOU DONE THAT?
- 00:18:19.179 --> 00:18:20.847
- WHY HAVE YOU DONE THAT? WELL, PERHAPS YOU'VE GIVEN
- 00:18:20.914 --> 00:18:21.581
- WELL, PERHAPS YOU'VE GIVEN TOO MUCH ATTENTION TO THE
- 00:18:21.648 --> 00:18:22.282
- TOO MUCH ATTENTION TO THE GOD OF THE WHEAT.
- 00:18:22.348 --> 00:18:23.550
- GOD OF THE WHEAT. AND IF SOMETHING IS GOING
- 00:18:23.616 --> 00:18:24.617
- AND IF SOMETHING IS GOING WRONG, WELL, SOMEBODY IS
- 00:18:24.684 --> 00:18:26.286
- WRONG, WELL, SOMEBODY IS NOT HONORING THE GODS
- 00:18:26.352 --> 00:18:27.520
- NOT HONORING THE GODS CORRECTLY, AND THAT WAS
- 00:18:27.587 --> 00:18:28.855
- CORRECTLY, AND THAT WAS PART OF THE BASIS FOR THE
- 00:18:28.922 --> 00:18:29.722
- PART OF THE BASIS FOR THE PERSECUTIONS.
- 00:18:29.789 --> 00:18:32.892
- - DAVID: AND SO, IN A
- 00:18:33.493 --> 00:18:33.993
- - DAVID: AND SO, IN A SENSE, THE BIGGEST FACTOR
- 00:18:34.060 --> 00:18:36.229
- SENSE, THE BIGGEST FACTOR AGAINST CHRISTIANITY WAS
- 00:18:36.296 --> 00:18:37.564
- AGAINST CHRISTIANITY WAS NOT THE DESIRE TO WORSHIP
- 00:18:37.630 --> 00:18:38.665
- NOT THE DESIRE TO WORSHIP JESUS CHRIST.
- 00:18:38.731 --> 00:18:39.732
- JESUS CHRIST. THAT WASN'T THAT BIG A
- 00:18:39.799 --> 00:18:41.034
- THAT WASN'T THAT BIG A DEAL, BUT IT WAS THEIR
- 00:18:41.100 --> 00:18:43.503
- DEAL, BUT IT WAS THEIR REFUSAL TO WORSHIP THE
- 00:18:43.570 --> 00:18:44.571
- REFUSAL TO WORSHIP THE GODS ON WHOSE POWER IT WAS
- 00:18:44.637 --> 00:18:46.573
- GODS ON WHOSE POWER IT WAS ASSUMED THAT THE
- 00:18:46.639 --> 00:18:48.374
- ASSUMED THAT THE PROSPERITY AND PEACE OF
- 00:18:48.441 --> 00:18:49.709
- PROSPERITY AND PEACE OF THE EMPIRE RESTED.
- 00:18:49.776 --> 00:18:51.411
- THE EMPIRE RESTED. - JERRY: PERHAPS MOST
- 00:18:51.477 --> 00:18:53.580
- - JERRY: PERHAPS MOST SENSATIONALIZED STORIES IN
- 00:18:53.646 --> 00:18:55.315
- SENSATIONALIZED STORIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY
- 00:18:55.381 --> 00:18:56.382
- THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY CHURCHES' EXPANSION IS THE
- 00:18:56.449 --> 00:18:58.017
- CHURCHES' EXPANSION IS THE FIRE OF ROME IN A.D. 64.
- 00:18:58.084 --> 00:18:59.485
- FIRE OF ROME IN A.D. 64. IN MANY OF THE ACCOUNTS,
- 00:18:59.552 --> 00:19:01.988
- IN MANY OF THE ACCOUNTS, NERO PLACED THE BLAME ON
- 00:19:02.055 --> 00:19:03.389
- NERO PLACED THE BLAME ON THESE MEN THAT FOLLOWED
- 00:19:03.456 --> 00:19:05.124
- THESE MEN THAT FOLLOWED THIS NEW, MISCHIEVOUS
- 00:19:05.191 --> 00:19:06.392
- THIS NEW, MISCHIEVOUS SUPERSTITION, THE
- 00:19:06.459 --> 00:19:07.727
- SUPERSTITION, THE CHRISTIANS, PAUL AND
- 00:19:07.794 --> 00:19:09.229
- CHRISTIANS, PAUL AND PETER WERE PUT TO DEATH AT
- 00:19:09.295 --> 00:19:11.464
- PETER WERE PUT TO DEATH AT THE SAME TIME.
- 00:19:11.531 --> 00:19:14.834
- - NARRATOR: "I'M ALREADY
- 00:19:16.169 --> 00:19:16.736
- - NARRATOR: "I'M ALREADY BEING POURED OUT AS A
- 00:19:16.803 --> 00:19:18.037
- BEING POURED OUT AS A DRINK OFFERING, AND THE
- 00:19:18.104 --> 00:19:18.938
- DRINK OFFERING, AND THE TIME OF MY DEPARTURE HAS COME."
- 00:19:19.005 --> 00:19:28.248
- [MUSIC]
- 00:19:28.781 --> 00:19:33.019
- [MUSIC] - JONATHAN: WE'RE TOLD BY
- 00:19:33.086 --> 00:19:33.653
- - JONATHAN: WE'RE TOLD BY THE ROMAN HISTORIAN
- 00:19:33.720 --> 00:19:34.654
- THE ROMAN HISTORIAN TACITUS, THERE MAY HAVE
- 00:19:34.721 --> 00:19:35.255
- TACITUS, THERE MAY HAVE BEEN POLITICAL MOTIVATIONS
- 00:19:35.321 --> 00:19:36.055
- BEEN POLITICAL MOTIVATIONS FOR NERO TO SCAPEGOAT
- 00:19:36.122 --> 00:19:37.090
- FOR NERO TO SCAPEGOAT CHRISTIANS.
- 00:19:37.156 --> 00:19:38.625
- CHRISTIANS. - JERRY: TACITUS, HE
- 00:19:38.691 --> 00:19:39.626
- - JERRY: TACITUS, HE GIVES US THE ACCOUNT OF
- 00:19:39.692 --> 00:19:41.728
- GIVES US THE ACCOUNT OF THE HORRIFIC TORTURES THAT
- 00:19:41.794 --> 00:19:43.563
- THE HORRIFIC TORTURES THAT THESE CHRISTIANS AFTER THE
- 00:19:43.630 --> 00:19:44.364
- THESE CHRISTIANS AFTER THE FIRES ENDURED.
- 00:19:44.430 --> 00:19:49.869
- - NARRATOR: I KNOW THAT
- 00:19:50.803 --> 00:19:51.671
- - NARRATOR: I KNOW THAT THE PUTTING OFF OF MY BODY
- 00:19:51.738 --> 00:19:52.972
- THE PUTTING OFF OF MY BODY WILL BE SOON, AS THE LORD
- 00:19:53.039 --> 00:19:55.808
- WILL BE SOON, AS THE LORD JESUS CHRIST HAS MADE
- 00:19:55.875 --> 00:19:56.609
- JESUS CHRIST HAS MADE CLEAR TO ME.
- 00:19:56.676 --> 00:19:59.178
- CLEAR TO ME. AND I WILL MAKE EVERY
- 00:19:59.245 --> 00:20:01.247
- AND I WILL MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO SEE THAT, AFTER
- 00:20:01.314 --> 00:20:02.682
- EFFORT TO SEE THAT, AFTER MY DEPARTURE, YOU WILL
- 00:20:02.749 --> 00:20:03.850
- MY DEPARTURE, YOU WILL ALWAYS BE ABLE TO REMEMBER
- 00:20:03.916 --> 00:20:04.717
- ALWAYS BE ABLE TO REMEMBER THESE THINGS."
- 00:20:04.784 --> 00:20:08.588
- THESE THINGS." - JERRY: ONE OF THE THINGS
- 00:20:08.655 --> 00:20:09.255
- - JERRY: ONE OF THE THINGS ABOUT SAINT PETER IS
- 00:20:09.322 --> 00:20:10.223
- ABOUT SAINT PETER IS THAT WE HAVE TWO LETTERS
- 00:20:10.290 --> 00:20:10.857
- THAT WE HAVE TWO LETTERS WRITTEN FROM ROME.
- 00:20:10.923 --> 00:20:13.359
- WRITTEN FROM ROME. HE'S WRITING THIS RIGHT
- 00:20:13.426 --> 00:20:14.160
- HE'S WRITING THIS RIGHT BEFORE HIS EXECUTION,
- 00:20:14.227 --> 00:20:15.728
- BEFORE HIS EXECUTION, 2 PETER.
- 00:20:15.795 --> 00:20:18.564
- 2 PETER. - NARRATOR: "WE WERE WITH
- 00:20:18.631 --> 00:20:19.198
- - NARRATOR: "WE WERE WITH HIM ON THE HOLY MOUNTAIN.
- 00:20:19.265 --> 00:20:20.500
- HIM ON THE HOLY MOUNTAIN. AND WE HAVE THE PROPHETIC
- 00:20:20.566 --> 00:20:22.435
- AND WE HAVE THE PROPHETIC WORD MORE FULLY CONFIRMED,
- 00:20:22.502 --> 00:20:24.437
- WORD MORE FULLY CONFIRMED, TO WHICH YOU WILL DO WELL
- 00:20:24.504 --> 00:20:26.873
- TO WHICH YOU WILL DO WELL TO PAY ATTENTION TO AS A
- 00:20:26.939 --> 00:20:27.840
- TO PAY ATTENTION TO AS A LAMP SHINING IN A DARK
- 00:20:27.907 --> 00:20:29.375
- LAMP SHINING IN A DARK PLACE, UNTIL THE DAY DAWNS
- 00:20:29.442 --> 00:20:30.777
- PLACE, UNTIL THE DAY DAWNS AND THE MORNING STAR RISES
- 00:20:30.843 --> 00:20:32.545
- AND THE MORNING STAR RISES IN YOUR HEARTS."
- 00:20:32.612 --> 00:20:34.347
- IN YOUR HEARTS." "GROW, BELOVED, IN THE GRACE
- 00:20:34.414 --> 00:20:37.850
- "GROW, BELOVED, IN THE GRACE AND KNOWLEDGE OF OUR LORD
- 00:20:37.917 --> 00:20:39.319
- AND KNOWLEDGE OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOR JESUS CHRIST.
- 00:20:39.385 --> 00:20:41.654
- AND SAVIOR JESUS CHRIST. TO HIM BE THE GLORY BOTH
- 00:20:41.721 --> 00:20:43.423
- TO HIM BE THE GLORY BOTH NOW AND TO THE DAY OF
- 00:20:43.489 --> 00:20:44.824
- NOW AND TO THE DAY OF ETERNITY."
- 00:20:44.891 --> 00:20:49.362
- ETERNITY." - JERRY: THE TRADITION
- 00:20:49.429 --> 00:20:50.296
- - JERRY: THE TRADITION OF PETER'S DEATH
- 00:20:50.363 --> 00:20:52.031
- OF PETER'S DEATH IS THAT HE DIDN'T WANNA
- 00:20:52.098 --> 00:20:53.232
- IS THAT HE DIDN'T WANNA DIE IN THE SAME WAY AS HIS
- 00:20:53.299 --> 00:20:54.233
- DIE IN THE SAME WAY AS HIS CHRIST, THAT HE WASN'T
- 00:20:54.300 --> 00:20:55.635
- CHRIST, THAT HE WASN'T WORTHY--
- 00:20:55.702 --> 00:20:58.638
- [VOCALIZING]
- 00:20:59.706 --> 00:21:06.379
- - JERRY: -- SO HE WAS
- 00:21:07.113 --> 00:21:07.680
- - JERRY: -- SO HE WAS CRUCIFIED UPSIDE DOWN.
- 00:21:07.747 --> 00:21:15.054
- [VOCALIZING]
- 00:21:15.922 --> 00:21:27.633
- - JERRY: THERE WAS A
- 00:21:28.301 --> 00:21:28.801
- - JERRY: THERE WAS A TRACK WITH AN OBELISK AT
- 00:21:28.868 --> 00:21:29.669
- TRACK WITH AN OBELISK AT THE END THAT THINK
- 00:21:29.736 --> 00:21:31.270
- THE END THAT THINK CALIGULA HAD ACTUALLY
- 00:21:31.337 --> 00:21:32.739
- CALIGULA HAD ACTUALLY BROUGHT TO ROME.
- 00:21:32.805 --> 00:21:33.673
- BROUGHT TO ROME. IN ONE OF THE ACCOUNTS, HE
- 00:21:33.740 --> 00:21:35.074
- IN ONE OF THE ACCOUNTS, HE DIES IN THE SHADOW OF THAT
- 00:21:35.141 --> 00:21:36.776
- DIES IN THE SHADOW OF THAT OBELISK.
- 00:21:36.843 --> 00:21:37.977
- OBELISK. THE OBELISK IS IN THE
- 00:21:38.044 --> 00:21:38.544
- THE OBELISK IS IN THE MIDDLE OF ST. PETER'S
- 00:21:38.611 --> 00:21:39.545
- MIDDLE OF ST. PETER'S PLAZA TODAY.
- 00:21:39.612 --> 00:21:44.350
- - JERRY: EUSEBIUS RECORDS
- 00:21:45.051 --> 00:21:45.618
- - JERRY: EUSEBIUS RECORDS THESE EARLY TRADITIONS,
- 00:21:45.685 --> 00:21:46.419
- THESE EARLY TRADITIONS, TERTULLIAN.
- 00:21:46.486 --> 00:21:47.420
- TERTULLIAN. THERE BECOMES A CONSENSUS
- 00:21:47.487 --> 00:21:49.956
- THERE BECOMES A CONSENSUS AMONG ONE LARGE GROUP OF
- 00:21:50.022 --> 00:21:53.059
- AMONG ONE LARGE GROUP OF CHRISTIANS THAT HE WOULD
- 00:21:53.126 --> 00:21:53.793
- CHRISTIANS THAT HE WOULD BE THE FIRST OFFICIAL
- 00:21:53.860 --> 00:21:55.361
- BE THE FIRST OFFICIAL LEADER OF THE CHURCH.
- 00:21:55.428 --> 00:21:59.365
- [VOCALIZING]
- 00:22:00.266 --> 00:22:12.245
- - JERRY: NERO DIED IN 68,
- 00:22:19.519 --> 00:22:20.153
- - JERRY: NERO DIED IN 68, AND THERE WAS THE YEAR OF
- 00:22:20.219 --> 00:22:23.523
- AND THERE WAS THE YEAR OF THE FOUR GENERALS.
- 00:22:23.589 --> 00:22:25.191
- THE FOUR GENERALS. IT WAS PANDEMONIUM.
- 00:22:25.258 --> 00:22:26.025
- IT WAS PANDEMONIUM. SO VESPASIAN TAKES OVER IN
- 00:22:26.092 --> 00:22:27.360
- SO VESPASIAN TAKES OVER IN 69, AND HE WILL SERVE
- 00:22:27.427 --> 00:22:29.195
- 69, AND HE WILL SERVE UNTIL 71, THEN HIS SON
- 00:22:29.262 --> 00:22:31.130
- UNTIL 71, THEN HIS SON TITUS WILL TAKE OVER.
- 00:22:31.197 --> 00:22:32.799
- TITUS WILL TAKE OVER. VESPASIAN IN ON THE THRONE
- 00:22:32.865 --> 00:22:35.668
- VESPASIAN IN ON THE THRONE WHEN JERUSALEM IS SACKED.
- 00:22:35.735 --> 00:22:37.537
- WHEN JERUSALEM IS SACKED. HE SENDS TITUS.
- 00:22:37.603 --> 00:22:40.072
- HE SENDS TITUS. ARCH OF TITUS HAS A
- 00:22:40.139 --> 00:22:43.910
- ARCH OF TITUS HAS A PICTURE OF THE GREAT
- 00:22:43.976 --> 00:22:45.711
- PICTURE OF THE GREAT MENORAH BEING CARRIED OUT
- 00:22:45.778 --> 00:22:46.479
- MENORAH BEING CARRIED OUT BY TITUS FROM THE TEMPLE.
- 00:22:46.546 --> 00:22:49.982
- BY TITUS FROM THE TEMPLE. - JONATHAN: THE JEWS
- 00:22:50.049 --> 00:22:51.350
- - JONATHAN: THE JEWS DECIDED TO REBEL AGAINST
- 00:22:51.417 --> 00:22:53.152
- DECIDED TO REBEL AGAINST ROMAN RULE IN A.D. 66,
- 00:22:53.219 --> 00:22:55.621
- ROMAN RULE IN A.D. 66, AND THE UPSHOT OF THAT
- 00:22:55.688 --> 00:22:56.589
- AND THE UPSHOT OF THAT WAS THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
- 00:22:56.656 --> 00:22:57.457
- WAS THE DESTRUCTION OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE.
- 00:22:57.523 --> 00:23:01.527
- [VOCALIZING]
- 00:23:02.428 --> 00:23:05.164
- - JONATHAN: THE JEWS WERE
- 00:23:05.765 --> 00:23:06.399
- - JONATHAN: THE JEWS WERE LEFT WITHOUT A STATE,
- 00:23:06.466 --> 00:23:07.033
- LEFT WITHOUT A STATE, WITHOUT POLITICAL POWER,
- 00:23:07.099 --> 00:23:07.667
- WITHOUT POLITICAL POWER, AND THEY HAD TO REFORM
- 00:23:07.733 --> 00:23:08.434
- AND THEY HAD TO REFORM THEMSELVES.
- 00:23:08.501 --> 00:23:11.971
- THEMSELVES. [MUSIC]
- 00:23:12.038 --> 00:23:13.239
- [MUSIC] - JONATHAN: OF COURSE, IN
- 00:23:13.306 --> 00:23:14.006
- - JONATHAN: OF COURSE, IN THE GOSPELS, WE READ OF
- 00:23:14.073 --> 00:23:14.874
- THE GOSPELS, WE READ OF JESUS' PROPHECIES OF THE
- 00:23:14.941 --> 00:23:15.741
- JESUS' PROPHECIES OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE.
- 00:23:15.808 --> 00:23:16.509
- DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE. CHRISTIANS WITH A JEWISH
- 00:23:16.576 --> 00:23:18.377
- CHRISTIANS WITH A JEWISH HERITAGE WOULD HAVE LOST
- 00:23:18.444 --> 00:23:19.645
- HERITAGE WOULD HAVE LOST THAT CENTER, AND MANY
- 00:23:19.712 --> 00:23:21.914
- THAT CENTER, AND MANY PEOPLE THINK THAT THE
- 00:23:21.981 --> 00:23:23.816
- PEOPLE THINK THAT THE CLOSE BOND BETWEEN JUDAISM
- 00:23:23.883 --> 00:23:25.852
- CLOSE BOND BETWEEN JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY WOULD
- 00:23:25.918 --> 00:23:27.487
- AND CHRISTIANITY WOULD HAVE BEEN TORN ASUNDER BY
- 00:23:27.553 --> 00:23:30.189
- HAVE BEEN TORN ASUNDER BY THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
- 00:23:30.256 --> 00:23:30.957
- THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE.
- 00:23:31.023 --> 00:23:34.160
- - DAVID: DIDN'T MAKE A
- 00:23:39.565 --> 00:23:40.099
- - DAVID: DIDN'T MAKE A LOT OF SENSE TO PAGANS
- 00:23:40.166 --> 00:23:40.666
- LOT OF SENSE TO PAGANS THAT CHRISTIANS WOULD BE
- 00:23:40.733 --> 00:23:42.235
- THAT CHRISTIANS WOULD BE WILLING TO DIE FOR THE
- 00:23:42.301 --> 00:23:43.503
- WILLING TO DIE FOR THE SAKE OF REFUSING TO
- 00:23:43.569 --> 00:23:44.604
- SAKE OF REFUSING TO WORSHIP THE GODS.
- 00:23:44.670 --> 00:23:49.408
- - DAVID: TO STAND THEIR
- 00:23:50.309 --> 00:23:51.177
- - DAVID: TO STAND THEIR GROUND IN THE FACE OF
- 00:23:51.244 --> 00:23:52.111
- GROUND IN THE FACE OF DEATH WAS SOMETHING THAT
- 00:23:52.178 --> 00:23:53.679
- DEATH WAS SOMETHING THAT LEFT A PRETTY STARK
- 00:23:53.746 --> 00:23:54.981
- LEFT A PRETTY STARK IMPRESSION DIRECTED AT THE
- 00:23:55.047 --> 00:23:56.048
- IMPRESSION DIRECTED AT THE CROWD IN TERMS OF TALKING
- 00:23:56.115 --> 00:23:57.550
- CROWD IN TERMS OF TALKING ABOUT THE ONE TRUE GOD.
- 00:23:57.617 --> 00:24:01.721
- - JERRY: AND WE HAVE
- 00:24:02.989 --> 00:24:03.489
- - JERRY: AND WE HAVE TRADITIONS THAT SHARE
- 00:24:03.556 --> 00:24:04.223
- TRADITIONS THAT SHARE ABOUT THE DEATHS OF ALL OF
- 00:24:04.290 --> 00:24:05.625
- ABOUT THE DEATHS OF ALL OF THE APOSTLES AND WHERE
- 00:24:05.691 --> 00:24:06.859
- THE APOSTLES AND WHERE THEY WERE, AND SOME
- 00:24:06.926 --> 00:24:08.127
- THEY WERE, AND SOME APOSTLES HAVE MULTIPLE
- 00:24:08.194 --> 00:24:09.595
- APOSTLES HAVE MULTIPLE TRADITIONS.
- 00:24:09.662 --> 00:24:13.332
- - JERRY: PAUL STARTS IN
- 00:24:14.066 --> 00:24:14.901
- - JERRY: PAUL STARTS IN TARSUS AND ENDS UP
- 00:24:14.967 --> 00:24:16.736
- TARSUS AND ENDS UP APPEALING TO CAESAR IN
- 00:24:16.802 --> 00:24:19.405
- APPEALING TO CAESAR IN CAESAREA AND ENDS UP DYING
- 00:24:19.472 --> 00:24:20.339
- CAESAREA AND ENDS UP DYING IN ROME.
- 00:24:20.406 --> 00:24:21.807
- IN ROME. PETER STARTS AT CAPERNAUM.
- 00:24:21.874 --> 00:24:24.610
- PETER STARTS AT CAPERNAUM. HE ENDS UP DYING IN ROME;
- 00:24:24.677 --> 00:24:26.879
- HE ENDS UP DYING IN ROME; THOMAS IN INDIA;
- 00:24:26.946 --> 00:24:29.882
- THOMAS IN INDIA; BARTHOLOMEW, WHO TRADITION
- 00:24:29.949 --> 00:24:31.851
- BARTHOLOMEW, WHO TRADITION HAS WENT TO INDIA AND
- 00:24:31.918 --> 00:24:33.286
- HAS WENT TO INDIA AND ETHIOPIA AND SOUTHERN ARABIA.
- 00:24:33.352 --> 00:24:35.421
- ETHIOPIA AND SOUTHERN ARABIA. IN THE "GOLDEN LEGEND,"
- 00:24:35.488 --> 00:24:38.691
- IN THE "GOLDEN LEGEND," IT GIVES THE ACCOUNT THAT HE
- 00:24:38.758 --> 00:24:39.592
- IT GIVES THE ACCOUNT THAT HE WAS ACTUALLY FLAYED ALIVE
- 00:24:39.659 --> 00:24:40.927
- WAS ACTUALLY FLAYED ALIVE AND THEN BEHEADED.
- 00:24:40.993 --> 00:24:42.161
- AND THEN BEHEADED. JAMES THE ELDER, IN ACTS
- 00:24:42.228 --> 00:24:43.496
- JAMES THE ELDER, IN ACTS 12, WAS KILLED BY HEROD BY
- 00:24:43.563 --> 00:24:44.363
- 12, WAS KILLED BY HEROD BY THE SWORD.
- 00:24:44.430 --> 00:24:45.531
- THE SWORD. JAMES, THE BROTHER JESUS,
- 00:24:45.598 --> 00:24:49.068
- JAMES, THE BROTHER JESUS, WAS RECORDED IN A.D. 170
- 00:24:49.135 --> 00:24:49.902
- WAS RECORDED IN A.D. 170 TO HAVE BEEN PUSHED FROM
- 00:24:49.969 --> 00:24:51.537
- TO HAVE BEEN PUSHED FROM THE PINNACLE OF THE TEMPLE.
- 00:24:51.604 --> 00:24:54.740
- THE PINNACLE OF THE TEMPLE. THEN HE'S BEATEN WITH RODS.
- 00:24:54.807 --> 00:24:56.642
- THEN HE'S BEATEN WITH RODS. WE HAVE JUDE OR THADDAEUS
- 00:24:56.709 --> 00:24:58.311
- WE HAVE JUDE OR THADDAEUS GOING TO ODESA.
- 00:24:58.377 --> 00:25:01.547
- GOING TO ODESA. THERE ARE VARYING ACCOUNTS
- 00:25:01.614 --> 00:25:02.715
- THERE ARE VARYING ACCOUNTS OF HOW HE DIED.
- 00:25:02.782 --> 00:25:03.950
- OF HOW HE DIED. WE HAVE MATTHEW DYING IN
- 00:25:04.016 --> 00:25:05.885
- WE HAVE MATTHEW DYING IN ETHIOPIA, ACCORDING TO
- 00:25:05.952 --> 00:25:07.553
- ETHIOPIA, ACCORDING TO TRADITION.
- 00:25:07.620 --> 00:25:09.055
- TRADITION. DIED A HORRIFIC DEATH.
- 00:25:09.121 --> 00:25:11.724
- DIED A HORRIFIC DEATH. WITH MATTHIAS, ONE OF THE
- 00:25:11.791 --> 00:25:13.159
- WITH MATTHIAS, ONE OF THE PLACES THAT TRADITION HAS
- 00:25:13.225 --> 00:25:14.460
- PLACES THAT TRADITION HAS HIM GOING TO IS BACK TO
- 00:25:14.527 --> 00:25:17.063
- HIM GOING TO IS BACK TO DAMASCUS.
- 00:25:17.129 --> 00:25:18.998
- DAMASCUS. PHILIP, TRADITION HAS HIM
- 00:25:19.065 --> 00:25:20.533
- PHILIP, TRADITION HAS HIM BEING MARTYRED IN PHRYGIA,
- 00:25:20.600 --> 00:25:23.369
- BEING MARTYRED IN PHRYGIA, OR MODERN TURKEY.
- 00:25:23.436 --> 00:25:25.104
- OR MODERN TURKEY. WITH SIMON THE ZEALOT,
- 00:25:25.171 --> 00:25:26.906
- WITH SIMON THE ZEALOT, AFRICA, PERSIA, OR MODERN
- 00:25:26.973 --> 00:25:29.609
- AFRICA, PERSIA, OR MODERN IRAN, AND ENGLAND, AND
- 00:25:29.675 --> 00:25:30.676
- IRAN, AND ENGLAND, AND DYING A MARTYR'S DEATH AS WELL.
- 00:25:30.743 --> 00:25:34.180
- DYING A MARTYR'S DEATH AS WELL. [MUSIC]
- 00:25:34.246 --> 00:25:35.281
- [MUSIC] - JERRY: WITH THE APOSTLE
- 00:25:35.348 --> 00:25:36.282
- - JERRY: WITH THE APOSTLE JOHN, WE HAVE HIM ON THE
- 00:25:36.349 --> 00:25:37.516
- JOHN, WE HAVE HIM ON THE ISLAND OF PATMOS, WRITING
- 00:25:37.583 --> 00:25:38.684
- ISLAND OF PATMOS, WRITING THE BOOK OF REVELATION,
- 00:25:38.751 --> 00:25:40.820
- THE BOOK OF REVELATION, THE ONLY ONE TO LIVE A
- 00:25:40.886 --> 00:25:42.488
- THE ONLY ONE TO LIVE A FULL LIFE.
- 00:25:42.555 --> 00:25:45.124
- FULL LIFE. [MUSIC]
- 00:25:45.191 --> 00:25:48.461
- [MUSIC] - MICHAEL: PEOPLE WANTED
- 00:25:48.527 --> 00:25:49.829
- - MICHAEL: PEOPLE WANTED TO GET MORE DOWN IN
- 00:25:49.895 --> 00:25:50.830
- TO GET MORE DOWN IN WRITING, SO GOSPELS GOT
- 00:25:50.896 --> 00:25:52.064
- WRITING, SO GOSPELS GOT WRITTEN AROUND THE TIME
- 00:25:52.131 --> 00:25:53.799
- WRITTEN AROUND THE TIME THAT THE FIRST GENERATION
- 00:25:53.866 --> 00:25:55.034
- THAT THE FIRST GENERATION OF EYEWITNESSES DIED OFF,
- 00:25:55.101 --> 00:25:56.602
- OF EYEWITNESSES DIED OFF, AND SO THE JEWISH
- 00:25:56.669 --> 00:26:00.106
- AND SO THE JEWISH SCRIPTURE OFTEN REFERRED
- 00:26:00.172 --> 00:26:01.907
- SCRIPTURE OFTEN REFERRED TO IS THE LAW AND THE
- 00:26:01.974 --> 00:26:04.043
- TO IS THE LAW AND THE PROPHETS, AND THEY HAD THE
- 00:26:04.110 --> 00:26:08.014
- PROPHETS, AND THEY HAD THE CHRISTIAN WRITINGS, THE
- 00:26:08.080 --> 00:26:08.848
- CHRISTIAN WRITINGS, THE GOSPEL AND THE APOSTLES.
- 00:26:08.914 --> 00:26:09.548
- GOSPEL AND THE APOSTLES. THEY'RE ALL WRITTEN;
- 00:26:09.615 --> 00:26:10.249
- THEY'RE ALL WRITTEN; THEY'RE ALL AUTHORITATIVE.
- 00:26:10.316 --> 00:26:10.883
- THEY'RE ALL AUTHORITATIVE. PRETTY SOON YOU START
- 00:26:10.950 --> 00:26:11.550
- PRETTY SOON YOU START CALLIN' 'EM ALL SCRIPTURES.
- 00:26:11.617 --> 00:26:12.752
- CALLIN' 'EM ALL SCRIPTURES. INSTEAD OF SAYIN' THE
- 00:26:12.818 --> 00:26:13.953
- INSTEAD OF SAYIN' THE JEWISH SCRIPTURES AND THE
- 00:26:14.020 --> 00:26:15.388
- JEWISH SCRIPTURES AND THE CHRISTIAN WRITINGS, THEY
- 00:26:15.454 --> 00:26:15.988
- CHRISTIAN WRITINGS, THEY ALL FUNCTION AND IT'S LIKE
- 00:26:16.055 --> 00:26:17.123
- ALL FUNCTION AND IT'S LIKE YOU STARTED CALLING ALL OF
- 00:26:17.189 --> 00:26:18.391
- YOU STARTED CALLING ALL OF 'EM SCRIPTURE.
- 00:26:18.457 --> 00:26:18.858
- 'EM SCRIPTURE. BUT NOBODY WAS WORRIED
- 00:26:18.924 --> 00:26:19.525
- BUT NOBODY WAS WORRIED ABOUT HOW MANY THERE WERE
- 00:26:19.592 --> 00:26:20.393
- ABOUT HOW MANY THERE WERE BECAUSE BOOKS YOU GATHERED
- 00:26:20.459 --> 00:26:21.394
- BECAUSE BOOKS YOU GATHERED AS YOU COULD.
- 00:26:21.460 --> 00:26:23.863
- AS YOU COULD. YOU GOT ALL THE COPIES OF
- 00:26:23.929 --> 00:26:24.497
- YOU GOT ALL THE COPIES OF BOOKS YOU COULD, AND ONE
- 00:26:24.563 --> 00:26:25.097
- BOOKS YOU COULD, AND ONE CHURCH MIGHT HAVE MORE
- 00:26:25.164 --> 00:26:25.665
- CHURCH MIGHT HAVE MORE THAN ANOTHER.
- 00:26:25.731 --> 00:26:26.265
- THAN ANOTHER. YOU JUST TRIED TO BUILD
- 00:26:26.332 --> 00:26:27.166
- YOU JUST TRIED TO BUILD YOUR COLLECTION.
- 00:26:27.233 --> 00:26:28.534
- YOUR COLLECTION. EVENTUALLY, THEY STARTED
- 00:26:28.601 --> 00:26:29.902
- EVENTUALLY, THEY STARTED WORRYING ABOUT, JUST,
- 00:26:29.969 --> 00:26:31.303
- WORRYING ABOUT, JUST, WHICH BOOKS DO BELONG IN
- 00:26:31.370 --> 00:26:33.305
- WHICH BOOKS DO BELONG IN THIS COLLECTION, BUT THAT
- 00:26:33.372 --> 00:26:34.373
- THIS COLLECTION, BUT THAT WAS A 200-YEAR PROCESS.
- 00:26:34.440 --> 00:26:35.808
- WAS A 200-YEAR PROCESS. [MUSIC]
- 00:26:35.875 --> 00:26:39.712
- [MUSIC] - JERRY: WE KNOW THAT THE
- 00:26:39.779 --> 00:26:42.148
- - JERRY: WE KNOW THAT THE EARLY CHURCH VENERATED
- 00:26:42.214 --> 00:26:44.283
- EARLY CHURCH VENERATED ANYONE HAD CONTACT WITH
- 00:26:44.350 --> 00:26:45.584
- ANYONE HAD CONTACT WITH JESUS WHILE HE LIVED.
- 00:26:45.651 --> 00:26:47.286
- JESUS WHILE HE LIVED. WE HAVE WRITINGS FROM THE
- 00:26:47.353 --> 00:26:48.387
- WE HAVE WRITINGS FROM THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS,
- 00:26:48.454 --> 00:26:50.556
- APOSTOLIC FATHERS, AND THEY'RE CALLED THAT
- 00:26:50.623 --> 00:26:51.290
- AND THEY'RE CALLED THAT BECAUSE THEY HAD A
- 00:26:51.357 --> 00:26:52.191
- BECAUSE THEY HAD A CONNECTION TO THE APOSTLES
- 00:26:52.258 --> 00:26:52.925
- CONNECTION TO THE APOSTLES WHO HAD A CONNECTION
- 00:26:52.992 --> 00:26:53.859
- WHO HAD A CONNECTION TO JESUS.
- 00:26:53.926 --> 00:26:57.096
- TO JESUS. - MICHAEL: THE APOSTOLIC
- 00:26:57.163 --> 00:26:57.730
- - MICHAEL: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS JUST STARTS
- 00:26:57.797 --> 00:26:59.298
- FATHERS JUST STARTS REVIVING LITERATURE, AND
- 00:26:59.365 --> 00:27:00.366
- REVIVING LITERATURE, AND THEY GOT PUT IN ONE
- 00:27:00.433 --> 00:27:01.734
- THEY GOT PUT IN ONE COLLECTION, AND IT'S
- 00:27:01.801 --> 00:27:03.302
- COLLECTION, AND IT'S LETTERS, IT'S AN
- 00:27:03.369 --> 00:27:05.705
- LETTERS, IT'S AN APOCALYPSE, IT'S A
- 00:27:05.771 --> 00:27:07.039
- APOCALYPSE, IT'S A TEACHING DOCUMENT, IT'S
- 00:27:07.106 --> 00:27:08.607
- TEACHING DOCUMENT, IT'S CHRISTIANS IN THAT
- 00:27:08.674 --> 00:27:09.842
- CHRISTIANS IN THAT LATE-SECOND, EARLY-THIRD
- 00:27:09.909 --> 00:27:13.212
- LATE-SECOND, EARLY-THIRD GENERATION, SEEKING TO
- 00:27:13.279 --> 00:27:13.979
- GENERATION, SEEKING TO COME TO TERMS WITH WHAT IT
- 00:27:14.046 --> 00:27:15.114
- COME TO TERMS WITH WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A CHRISTIAN IN
- 00:27:15.181 --> 00:27:15.748
- MEANS TO BE A CHRISTIAN IN AN OFTEN ALIEN CULTURE
- 00:27:15.815 --> 00:27:17.116
- AN OFTEN ALIEN CULTURE WHEN YOU DON'T HAVE
- 00:27:17.183 --> 00:27:18.384
- WHEN YOU DON'T HAVE APOSTLES TO TURN TO FOR
- 00:27:18.451 --> 00:27:19.618
- APOSTLES TO TURN TO FOR ANSWERS ANYMORE.
- 00:27:19.685 --> 00:27:22.722
- ANSWERS ANYMORE. [MUSIC]
- 00:27:22.788 --> 00:27:32.398
- [MUSIC] - MICHAEL: IGNATIUS WAS A
- 00:27:32.465 --> 00:27:34.066
- - MICHAEL: IGNATIUS WAS A BISHOP OF THE CHURCH IN
- 00:27:34.133 --> 00:27:35.735
- BISHOP OF THE CHURCH IN ANTIOCH IN SYRIA, THE SAME
- 00:27:35.801 --> 00:27:36.969
- ANTIOCH IN SYRIA, THE SAME CHURCH THAT PAUL USED AS
- 00:27:37.036 --> 00:27:38.270
- CHURCH THAT PAUL USED AS HIS MISSION BASE, PROBABLY
- 00:27:38.337 --> 00:27:39.638
- HIS MISSION BASE, PROBABLY ABOUT 60 YEARS AFTER PAUL
- 00:27:39.705 --> 00:27:41.273
- ABOUT 60 YEARS AFTER PAUL WAS THERE.
- 00:27:41.340 --> 00:27:42.942
- WAS THERE. THAT IGNATIUS WAS A BISHOP
- 00:27:43.008 --> 00:27:44.477
- THAT IGNATIUS WAS A BISHOP TELLS US THERE US THERE'S
- 00:27:44.543 --> 00:27:45.778
- TELLS US THERE US THERE'S BEEN SOME CHANGE IN CHURCH
- 00:27:45.845 --> 00:27:46.846
- BEEN SOME CHANGE IN CHURCH STRUCTURES ALONG THE WAY,
- 00:27:46.912 --> 00:27:47.580
- STRUCTURES ALONG THE WAY, BUT HE'S BEING ESCORTED BY
- 00:27:47.646 --> 00:27:48.814
- BUT HE'S BEING ESCORTED BY A GROUP OF SOLDIERS TO
- 00:27:48.881 --> 00:27:50.349
- A GROUP OF SOLDIERS TO ROME TO BE PUT TO DEATH IN
- 00:27:50.416 --> 00:27:51.817
- ROME TO BE PUT TO DEATH IN THE ARENA, PROBABLY FED TO
- 00:27:51.884 --> 00:27:52.918
- THE ARENA, PROBABLY FED TO THE LIONS, AND ON THE WAY,
- 00:27:52.985 --> 00:27:54.954
- THE LIONS, AND ON THE WAY, HE WRITES SEVEN LETTERS,
- 00:27:55.020 --> 00:27:56.255
- HE WRITES SEVEN LETTERS, AND THAT'S WHY WE KNOW HIM
- 00:27:56.322 --> 00:27:57.723
- AND THAT'S WHY WE KNOW HIM SO WELL.
- 00:27:57.790 --> 00:27:59.625
- SO WELL. [MUSIC]
- 00:27:59.692 --> 00:28:05.898
- [MUSIC] - MICHAEL: ONE AREA HE'S
- 00:28:05.965 --> 00:28:08.200
- - MICHAEL: ONE AREA HE'S JUST DEALING WITH IS WHAT
- 00:28:08.267 --> 00:28:09.969
- JUST DEALING WITH IS WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN DIFFERENT
- 00:28:10.035 --> 00:28:10.603
- DO YOU DO WHEN DIFFERENT OPINIONS COME UP ABOUT
- 00:28:10.669 --> 00:28:11.504
- OPINIONS COME UP ABOUT JESUS IN THE CHURCH?
- 00:28:11.570 --> 00:28:14.039
- JESUS IN THE CHURCH? EVERYBODY'S HEARING THE
- 00:28:14.106 --> 00:28:15.007
- EVERYBODY'S HEARING THE GOSPEL, BUT NOT EVERYONE
- 00:28:15.074 --> 00:28:16.142
- GOSPEL, BUT NOT EVERYONE INTERPRETS THE SAME WAY.
- 00:28:16.208 --> 00:28:17.877
- INTERPRETS THE SAME WAY. WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN THERE
- 00:28:17.943 --> 00:28:18.744
- WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN THERE ARE DIFFERENCES OF OPINION?
- 00:28:18.811 --> 00:28:19.745
- ARE DIFFERENCES OF OPINION? AND IGNATIUS' ANSWER IS
- 00:28:19.812 --> 00:28:23.149
- AND IGNATIUS' ANSWER IS "FOLLOW THE BISHOP.
- 00:28:23.215 --> 00:28:24.750
- "FOLLOW THE BISHOP. WHATEVER THE BISHOP
- 00:28:24.817 --> 00:28:25.918
- WHATEVER THE BISHOP BELIEVES, THAT'S WHAT YOU
- 00:28:25.985 --> 00:28:27.019
- BELIEVES, THAT'S WHAT YOU SHOULD BELIEVE, AND IF YOU
- 00:28:27.086 --> 00:28:29.822
- SHOULD BELIEVE, AND IF YOU CAN KEEP THE BISHOPS IN
- 00:28:29.889 --> 00:28:30.956
- CAN KEEP THE BISHOPS IN LINE, THEN YOU KEEP THE
- 00:28:31.023 --> 00:28:33.058
- LINE, THEN YOU KEEP THE CHURCHES IN LINE."
- 00:28:33.125 --> 00:28:36.328
- CHURCHES IN LINE." SO IGNATIUS DEVELOPS A VERY
- 00:28:36.395 --> 00:28:37.029
- SO IGNATIUS DEVELOPS A VERY DEVELOPED CHURCH STRUCTURE
- 00:28:37.096 --> 00:28:38.097
- DEVELOPED CHURCH STRUCTURE COMPARED TO PAUL, AND
- 00:28:38.164 --> 00:28:38.664
- COMPARED TO PAUL, AND EVENTUALLY THE CHURCH WILL
- 00:28:38.731 --> 00:28:39.331
- EVENTUALLY THE CHURCH WILL DEVELOP ALONG THE LINES
- 00:28:39.398 --> 00:28:40.399
- DEVELOP ALONG THE LINES THAT IGNATIUS SKETCHES
- 00:28:40.466 --> 00:28:41.500
- THAT IGNATIUS SKETCHES OUT, THOUGH HE ENCOUNTERED
- 00:28:41.567 --> 00:28:42.902
- OUT, THOUGH HE ENCOUNTERED A FAIR AMOUNT OF CONFLICT
- 00:28:42.968 --> 00:28:44.103
- A FAIR AMOUNT OF CONFLICT OR DEBATE OVER THAT IN HIS DAY.
- 00:28:44.170 --> 00:28:46.105
- OR DEBATE OVER THAT IN HIS DAY. - DENNIS: IGNATIUS, LIKE
- 00:28:46.172 --> 00:28:48.474
- - DENNIS: IGNATIUS, LIKE MANY OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES,
- 00:28:48.541 --> 00:28:49.975
- MANY OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES, WAS INDEED PUT TO DEATH
- 00:28:50.042 --> 00:28:51.544
- WAS INDEED PUT TO DEATH IN THE ARENA IN A.D. 117.
- 00:28:51.610 --> 00:28:53.112
- IN THE ARENA IN A.D. 117. WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHY.
- 00:28:53.179 --> 00:28:54.313
- WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHY. WE DO KNOW FROM HIS
- 00:28:54.380 --> 00:28:55.848
- WE DO KNOW FROM HIS LETTERS THAT HE BELIEVED
- 00:28:55.915 --> 00:28:57.917
- LETTERS THAT HE BELIEVED HIS MARTYRDOM TO BE A
- 00:28:57.983 --> 00:28:59.084
- HIS MARTYRDOM TO BE A PRIVILEGE.
- 00:28:59.151 --> 00:29:00.252
- PRIVILEGE. "I AM GOD'S WHEAT,"
- 00:29:00.319 --> 00:29:01.320
- "I AM GOD'S WHEAT," HE WROTE, "TO BE GROUND BY
- 00:29:01.387 --> 00:29:02.721
- HE WROTE, "TO BE GROUND BY THE TEETH OF BEASTS SO
- 00:29:02.788 --> 00:29:04.256
- THE TEETH OF BEASTS SO THAT I MAY BE OFFERED AS
- 00:29:04.323 --> 00:29:06.258
- THAT I MAY BE OFFERED AS PURE BREAD OF CHRIST."
- 00:29:06.325 --> 00:29:08.727
- PURE BREAD OF CHRIST." [MUSIC]
- 00:29:08.794 --> 00:29:11.463
- [MUSIC] - MICHAEL: THE MARTYRS
- 00:29:11.530 --> 00:29:12.064
- - MICHAEL: THE MARTYRS WERE HELD IN HIGH ESTEEM
- 00:29:12.131 --> 00:29:13.699
- WERE HELD IN HIGH ESTEEM BECAUSE THEY HAD PAID THE
- 00:29:13.766 --> 00:29:16.268
- BECAUSE THEY HAD PAID THE FULL PRICE FOR JESUS.
- 00:29:16.335 --> 00:29:16.902
- FULL PRICE FOR JESUS. THERE WAS A SENSE, AND IT
- 00:29:16.969 --> 00:29:18.070
- THERE WAS A SENSE, AND IT WAS A HEROIC FORM OF
- 00:29:18.137 --> 00:29:20.072
- WAS A HEROIC FORM OF DISCIPLESHIP, NOT
- 00:29:20.139 --> 00:29:20.940
- DISCIPLESHIP, NOT SOMETHING TO BE CHASED
- 00:29:21.006 --> 00:29:22.741
- SOMETHING TO BE CHASED AFTER SO THAT PEOPLE COULD
- 00:29:22.808 --> 00:29:23.776
- AFTER SO THAT PEOPLE COULD TALK ABOUT YOU.
- 00:29:23.843 --> 00:29:24.810
- TALK ABOUT YOU. IF GOD CALLED YOU TO THAT,
- 00:29:24.877 --> 00:29:26.946
- IF GOD CALLED YOU TO THAT, THAT WAS YOUR PERSONAL
- 00:29:27.012 --> 00:29:29.181
- THAT WAS YOUR PERSONAL TEST.
- 00:29:29.248 --> 00:29:32.518
- - JUSTO: IN THEIR OWN
- 00:29:33.485 --> 00:29:33.986
- - JUSTO: IN THEIR OWN SUFFERING, THEY WERE
- 00:29:34.053 --> 00:29:35.321
- SUFFERING, THEY WERE JOINING JESUS IN HIS
- 00:29:35.387 --> 00:29:35.855
- JOINING JESUS IN HIS SUFFERINGS.
- 00:29:35.921 --> 00:29:36.922
- SUFFERINGS. THEY WERE NOT JUST
- 00:29:36.989 --> 00:29:37.990
- THEY WERE NOT JUST SUFFERING FOR A CAUSE.
- 00:29:38.057 --> 00:29:38.791
- SUFFERING FOR A CAUSE. THEY'RE SUFFERING WITH
- 00:29:38.858 --> 00:29:40.326
- THEY'RE SUFFERING WITH SOMEBODY WHOM THEY LOVE
- 00:29:40.392 --> 00:29:41.627
- SOMEBODY WHOM THEY LOVE AND WHO HAS SUFFERED FOR
- 00:29:41.694 --> 00:29:42.695
- AND WHO HAS SUFFERED FOR THEM, AND SO THEY'RE
- 00:29:42.761 --> 00:29:43.863
- THEM, AND SO THEY'RE SUFFERING NOT FOR HIM.
- 00:29:43.929 --> 00:29:47.066
- - DAVID: YOU HAVE IN THE
- 00:29:53.772 --> 00:29:55.140
- - DAVID: YOU HAVE IN THE YEAR 203, A SERIES OF
- 00:29:55.207 --> 00:29:57.042
- YEAR 203, A SERIES OF WEATHER CATASTROPHES THAT
- 00:29:57.109 --> 00:29:58.978
- WEATHER CATASTROPHES THAT LEAD TO A REALLY BAD
- 00:29:59.044 --> 00:30:01.013
- LEAD TO A REALLY BAD HARVEST, AND THIS IS ONE
- 00:30:01.080 --> 00:30:03.015
- HARVEST, AND THIS IS ONE OF THOSE CASES WHERE
- 00:30:03.082 --> 00:30:05.484
- OF THOSE CASES WHERE PAGANS START TRYING TO
- 00:30:05.551 --> 00:30:06.752
- PAGANS START TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHY ARE THE
- 00:30:06.819 --> 00:30:07.853
- FIGURE OUT WHY ARE THE GODS NOT PROVIDING THE
- 00:30:07.920 --> 00:30:08.420
- GODS NOT PROVIDING THE PROSPERITY THEY TYPICALLY
- 00:30:08.487 --> 00:30:10.322
- PROSPERITY THEY TYPICALLY DO, AND THAT OFTEN THEN
- 00:30:10.389 --> 00:30:11.290
- DO, AND THAT OFTEN THEN BECOMES FERTILE GROUND FOR
- 00:30:11.357 --> 00:30:12.791
- BECOMES FERTILE GROUND FOR PERSECUTION.
- 00:30:12.858 --> 00:30:14.526
- PERSECUTION. IT BECOMES THE ATHEISTS,
- 00:30:14.593 --> 00:30:15.928
- IT BECOMES THE ATHEISTS, THE CHRISTIANS, WHO DON'T
- 00:30:15.995 --> 00:30:17.029
- THE CHRISTIANS, WHO DON'T BELIEVE IN THE GODS AND
- 00:30:17.096 --> 00:30:18.030
- BELIEVE IN THE GODS AND DON'T WORSHIP THEM, WHO
- 00:30:18.097 --> 00:30:19.465
- DON'T WORSHIP THEM, WHO ARE CREATING THE PROBLEM,
- 00:30:19.531 --> 00:30:20.599
- ARE CREATING THE PROBLEM, AND SO TRYING TO FORCE
- 00:30:20.666 --> 00:30:22.067
- AND SO TRYING TO FORCE THEM TO WORSHIP THE GODS
- 00:30:22.134 --> 00:30:23.102
- THEM TO WORSHIP THE GODS BECOMES A PRESSING ISSUE.
- 00:30:23.168 --> 00:30:26.472
- - JUSTO: PERPETUA WAS A
- 00:30:29.208 --> 00:30:29.742
- - JUSTO: PERPETUA WAS A FAIRLY WELL-TO-DO WOMAN.
- 00:30:29.808 --> 00:30:30.709
- FAIRLY WELL-TO-DO WOMAN. IT WAS FORBIDDEN FOR
- 00:30:30.776 --> 00:30:33.078
- IT WAS FORBIDDEN FOR PEOPLE TO CONVERT TO
- 00:30:33.145 --> 00:30:33.879
- PEOPLE TO CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY AT THAT
- 00:30:33.946 --> 00:30:35.147
- CHRISTIANITY AT THAT POINT, AND SHE DID, AND SO
- 00:30:35.214 --> 00:30:37.416
- POINT, AND SHE DID, AND SO DID HER COMPANION
- 00:30:37.483 --> 00:30:39.118
- DID HER COMPANION SERVANTS.
- 00:30:39.184 --> 00:30:41.520
- SERVANTS. [MUSIC]
- 00:30:41.587 --> 00:30:43.022
- [MUSIC] - MICHAEL: AND WE KNOW OF
- 00:30:43.088 --> 00:30:43.656
- - MICHAEL: AND WE KNOW OF HER IN PARTICULAR BECAUSE
- 00:30:43.722 --> 00:30:44.556
- HER IN PARTICULAR BECAUSE SHE LEFT SOME DIARIES BEHIND.
- 00:30:44.623 --> 00:30:46.225
- SHE LEFT SOME DIARIES BEHIND. - JUSTO: IT'S PROBABLY
- 00:30:46.292 --> 00:30:47.092
- - JUSTO: IT'S PROBABLY VERY FIRST INTIMATE
- 00:30:47.159 --> 00:30:50.629
- VERY FIRST INTIMATE RELIGIOUS DIARY THAT WE
- 00:30:50.696 --> 00:30:52.831
- RELIGIOUS DIARY THAT WE HAVE OF A CHRISTIAN.
- 00:30:52.898 --> 00:30:57.403
- HAVE OF A CHRISTIAN. - FEMALE NARRATOR
- 00:30:57.469 --> 00:30:58.604
- - FEMALE NARRATOR (PERPETUA):
- 00:30:58.671 --> 00:30:59.905
- (PERPETUA): MY FATHER, OUT OF LOVE FOR ME,
- 00:30:59.972 --> 00:31:00.873
- MY FATHER, OUT OF LOVE FOR ME, WAS TRYING TO DISSUADE ME
- 00:31:00.940 --> 00:31:01.707
- WAS TRYING TO DISSUADE ME AND SHAKE MY RESOLUTION.
- 00:31:01.774 --> 00:31:05.210
- AND SHAKE MY RESOLUTION. I TRIED TO COMFORT HIM, SAYING,
- 00:31:05.277 --> 00:31:06.045
- I TRIED TO COMFORT HIM, SAYING, "IT WILL ALL HAPPEN IN THE
- 00:31:06.111 --> 00:31:07.446
- "IT WILL ALL HAPPEN IN THE PRISONERS' STOCK AS GOD WILLS.
- 00:31:07.513 --> 00:31:11.216
- PRISONERS' STOCK AS GOD WILLS. FOR YOU MAY BE SURE THAT
- 00:31:11.283 --> 00:31:13.252
- FOR YOU MAY BE SURE THAT WE ARE NOT LEFT TO
- 00:31:13.319 --> 00:31:15.087
- WE ARE NOT LEFT TO OURSELVES BUT ARE ALL IN
- 00:31:15.154 --> 00:31:18.524
- OURSELVES BUT ARE ALL IN HIS POWER."
- 00:31:18.590 --> 00:31:21.393
- - MICHAEL: IN THE ROMAN
- 00:31:24.029 --> 00:31:24.563
- - MICHAEL: IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE, THE FATHER WAS
- 00:31:24.630 --> 00:31:25.698
- EMPIRE, THE FATHER WAS ABSOLUTE OVER THE FAMILY,
- 00:31:25.764 --> 00:31:27.566
- ABSOLUTE OVER THE FAMILY, AND FOR A DAUGHTER TO
- 00:31:27.633 --> 00:31:29.535
- AND FOR A DAUGHTER TO DISOBEY DAD'S ORDERS TO
- 00:31:29.601 --> 00:31:30.803
- DISOBEY DAD'S ORDERS TO NOT DO THIS, THAT WAS A
- 00:31:30.869 --> 00:31:32.438
- NOT DO THIS, THAT WAS A BIG DEAL.
- 00:31:32.504 --> 00:31:35.574
- - NARRATOR (PERPETUA):
- 00:31:36.909 --> 00:31:37.443
- - NARRATOR (PERPETUA): HILARIANUS, THE GOVERNOR,
- 00:31:37.509 --> 00:31:38.477
- HILARIANUS, THE GOVERNOR, SAID TO ME, "HAVE PITY ON
- 00:31:38.544 --> 00:31:39.578
- SAID TO ME, "HAVE PITY ON YOUR FATHER'S GRAY HEAD.
- 00:31:39.645 --> 00:31:41.246
- YOUR FATHER'S GRAY HEAD. HAVE PITY ON YOUR INFANT SON.
- 00:31:41.313 --> 00:31:42.681
- HAVE PITY ON YOUR INFANT SON. OFFER THE SACRIFICE FOR
- 00:31:42.748 --> 00:31:45.017
- OFFER THE SACRIFICE FOR THE WELFARE OF THE EMPERORS."
- 00:31:45.084 --> 00:31:47.019
- THE WELFARE OF THE EMPERORS." "I WILL NOT,"
- 00:31:47.086 --> 00:31:48.320
- "I WILL NOT," I RETORTED.
- 00:31:48.387 --> 00:31:48.954
- I RETORTED. "ARE YOU A CHRISTIAN?"
- 00:31:49.021 --> 00:31:51.156
- "ARE YOU A CHRISTIAN?" SAID HILARIANUS.
- 00:31:51.223 --> 00:31:55.160
- SAID HILARIANUS. AND I SAID, "YES, I AM."
- 00:31:55.227 --> 00:32:00.432
- AND I SAID, "YES, I AM." ♪
- 00:32:00.499 --> 00:32:05.938
- ♪ ♪
- 00:32:06.005 --> 00:32:14.847
- - JUSTO: WITHOUT DENYING
- 00:32:23.589 --> 00:32:27.159
- - JUSTO: WITHOUT DENYING THE PAIN, SHE'S ALSO
- 00:32:27.226 --> 00:32:30.329
- THE PAIN, SHE'S ALSO CONSTANTLY SPEAKING OF THE
- 00:32:30.396 --> 00:32:31.730
- CONSTANTLY SPEAKING OF THE VICTORY AND JOY 'CAUSE
- 00:32:31.797 --> 00:32:33.565
- VICTORY AND JOY 'CAUSE IT'S THAT COMBINATION THAT
- 00:32:33.632 --> 00:32:34.800
- IT'S THAT COMBINATION THAT I FIND FASCINATING, AND
- 00:32:34.867 --> 00:32:38.103
- I FIND FASCINATING, AND THAT'S THE STORY OF MOST
- 00:32:38.170 --> 00:32:39.338
- THAT'S THE STORY OF MOST OF THE EARLY MARTYRS, BY
- 00:32:39.405 --> 00:32:40.339
- OF THE EARLY MARTYRS, BY THE WAY.
- 00:32:40.406 --> 00:32:43.008
- THE WAY. [MUSIC]
- 00:32:43.075 --> 00:32:45.010
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:32:45.077 --> 00:32:47.813
- [VOCALIZING] - DAVID: RATHER THAN
- 00:32:47.880 --> 00:32:48.380
- - DAVID: RATHER THAN ACCEPTING THAT ACCUSATION
- 00:32:48.447 --> 00:32:50.349
- ACCEPTING THAT ACCUSATION OF ATHEISM, THEY SAID,
- 00:32:50.416 --> 00:32:51.016
- OF ATHEISM, THEY SAID, "NO, WE ACTUALLY WORSHIP
- 00:32:51.083 --> 00:32:51.884
- "NO, WE ACTUALLY WORSHIP THE ONLY TRUE GOD, AND
- 00:32:51.950 --> 00:32:53.285
- THE ONLY TRUE GOD, AND THAT'S THE GOD THAT WE
- 00:32:53.352 --> 00:32:56.255
- THAT'S THE GOD THAT WE PRAY TO ON BEHALF OF THE
- 00:32:56.321 --> 00:32:58.323
- PRAY TO ON BEHALF OF THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE.
- 00:32:58.390 --> 00:33:02.461
- - JERRY: BY THE TIME OF
- 00:33:08.767 --> 00:33:11.570
- - JERRY: BY THE TIME OF TERTULLIAN'S DEATH IN A.D. 225,
- 00:33:11.637 --> 00:33:16.108
- TERTULLIAN'S DEATH IN A.D. 225, THERE WERE OVER 70
- 00:33:16.175 --> 00:33:16.675
- THERE WERE OVER 70 BISHOPS IN CARTHAGE.
- 00:33:16.742 --> 00:33:18.010
- BISHOPS IN CARTHAGE. BY A.D. 313, WITH THE
- 00:33:18.077 --> 00:33:19.711
- BY A.D. 313, WITH THE EDICT OF MILAN, THERE
- 00:33:19.778 --> 00:33:20.879
- EDICT OF MILAN, THERE ARE 250 BISHOPS IN CARTHAGE.
- 00:33:20.946 --> 00:33:22.815
- ARE 250 BISHOPS IN CARTHAGE. THIS WAS CALLED
- 00:33:22.881 --> 00:33:24.883
- THIS WAS CALLED "MONEPISCOPACY,"
- 00:33:24.950 --> 00:33:27.019
- "MONEPISCOPACY," "ONE BISHOP," IF YOU WILL,
- 00:33:27.086 --> 00:33:28.554
- "ONE BISHOP," IF YOU WILL, AND "MONEPISCOPE."
- 00:33:28.620 --> 00:33:30.255
- AND "MONEPISCOPE." IT WAS SIMPLY TRYING
- 00:33:30.322 --> 00:33:31.657
- IT WAS SIMPLY TRYING TO MAKE SURE THERE
- 00:33:31.723 --> 00:33:32.624
- TO MAKE SURE THERE WEREN'T COMPETING
- 00:33:32.691 --> 00:33:33.158
- WEREN'T COMPETING PEOPLE OF AUTHORITY IN
- 00:33:33.225 --> 00:33:33.826
- PEOPLE OF AUTHORITY IN THE SAME AREA.
- 00:33:33.892 --> 00:33:34.660
- THE SAME AREA. THE SAME AREA.
- 00:33:34.726 --> 00:33:35.794
- THE SAME AREA. IT BECAME MORE AND MORE
- 00:33:35.861 --> 00:33:36.662
- IT BECAME MORE AND MORE COMPLEX AS THE CHURCH GREW.
- 00:33:36.728 --> 00:33:39.865
- COMPLEX AS THE CHURCH GREW. [MUSIC]
- 00:33:39.932 --> 00:33:44.303
- [MUSIC] - JERRY: THAT CENTER
- 00:33:44.369 --> 00:33:45.537
- - JERRY: THAT CENTER AUTHORITY BECAME KNOWN AS
- 00:33:45.604 --> 00:33:46.839
- AUTHORITY BECAME KNOWN AS THE HIGH CHAIR OF
- 00:33:46.905 --> 00:33:48.006
- THE HIGH CHAIR OF AUTHORITY, OR IN LATIN,
- 00:33:48.073 --> 00:33:50.542
- AUTHORITY, OR IN LATIN, THE "CATHEDRA" POWER, AND
- 00:33:50.609 --> 00:33:52.144
- THE "CATHEDRA" POWER, AND "CATHEDRALS" CAME
- 00:33:52.211 --> 00:33:53.712
- "CATHEDRALS" CAME FROM THAT.
- 00:33:53.779 --> 00:33:57.449
- FROM THAT. [MUSIC]
- 00:33:57.516 --> 00:33:58.617
- [MUSIC] - JERRY: THE PRESBYTERS
- 00:33:58.684 --> 00:34:00.352
- - JERRY: THE PRESBYTERS THEMSELVES BECAME PRIESTS.
- 00:34:00.419 --> 00:34:00.986
- THEMSELVES BECAME PRIESTS. [MUSIC]
- 00:34:01.053 --> 00:34:05.724
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: SO IN THE
- 00:34:05.791 --> 00:34:06.325
- - STANLEY: SO IN THE THIRD CENTURY, ROME WAS
- 00:34:06.391 --> 00:34:07.092
- THIRD CENTURY, ROME WAS HAVING ESSENTIALLY ONE
- 00:34:07.159 --> 00:34:10.362
- HAVING ESSENTIALLY ONE MASSIVE UPHEAVAL.
- 00:34:10.429 --> 00:34:10.896
- MASSIVE UPHEAVAL. IT'S A LONG CIVIL WAR, SO
- 00:34:10.963 --> 00:34:11.663
- IT'S A LONG CIVIL WAR, SO FROM THE PERIOD OF 235 TO
- 00:34:11.730 --> 00:34:12.865
- FROM THE PERIOD OF 235 TO 270 A.D., SO A 35-YEAR
- 00:34:12.931 --> 00:34:15.334
- 270 A.D., SO A 35-YEAR PERIOD, YOU HAD 70
- 00:34:15.400 --> 00:34:16.869
- PERIOD, YOU HAD 70 EMPERORS IN A 35-YEAR
- 00:34:16.935 --> 00:34:18.704
- EMPERORS IN A 35-YEAR PERIOD, ONLY ONE OF WHOM
- 00:34:18.770 --> 00:34:19.938
- PERIOD, ONLY ONE OF WHOM DIED OF NATURAL CAUSES.
- 00:34:20.005 --> 00:34:22.574
- DIED OF NATURAL CAUSES. SO THAT'S ONE LONG CIVIL
- 00:34:22.641 --> 00:34:23.542
- SO THAT'S ONE LONG CIVIL WAR WITH ONE GENERAL AFTER
- 00:34:23.609 --> 00:34:25.377
- WAR WITH ONE GENERAL AFTER ANOTHER CROSS THE RUBICON,
- 00:34:25.444 --> 00:34:26.612
- ANOTHER CROSS THE RUBICON, PROCLAIMING HIMSELF
- 00:34:26.678 --> 00:34:27.212
- PROCLAIMING HIMSELF EMPEROR AND ASCENDING THE
- 00:34:27.279 --> 00:34:28.147
- EMPEROR AND ASCENDING THE THRONE.
- 00:34:28.213 --> 00:34:29.515
- THRONE. AND SO YOU HAVE THIS
- 00:34:29.581 --> 00:34:33.418
- AND SO YOU HAVE THIS DRAMATIC, DIFFICULT SEASON
- 00:34:33.485 --> 00:34:34.887
- DRAMATIC, DIFFICULT SEASON IN THE ROMAN WORLD.
- 00:34:34.953 --> 00:34:35.587
- IN THE ROMAN WORLD. IT IS CHAOS.
- 00:34:35.654 --> 00:34:36.388
- IT IS CHAOS. IT IS FULL OF UNCERTAINTY.
- 00:34:36.455 --> 00:34:37.523
- IT IS FULL OF UNCERTAINTY. IT'S ALSO AT A TIME WHERE
- 00:34:37.589 --> 00:34:40.993
- IT'S ALSO AT A TIME WHERE YOU HAVE A NUMBER OF
- 00:34:41.059 --> 00:34:42.427
- YOU HAVE A NUMBER OF PERSECUTIONS OF CHRISTIANS.
- 00:34:42.494 --> 00:34:43.762
- PERSECUTIONS OF CHRISTIANS. IT'S IMPORTANT TO
- 00:34:43.829 --> 00:34:44.329
- IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THESE
- 00:34:44.396 --> 00:34:45.197
- UNDERSTAND THESE PERSECUTIONS WERE AT THE
- 00:34:45.264 --> 00:34:46.431
- PERSECUTIONS WERE AT THE CORE OF POLITICAL DEBATES AND
- 00:34:46.498 --> 00:34:47.799
- CORE OF POLITICAL DEBATES AND LOYALTY TESTS.
- 00:34:47.866 --> 00:34:50.068
- LOYALTY TESTS. IF YOU'VE JUST KILLED OFF
- 00:34:50.135 --> 00:34:50.702
- IF YOU'VE JUST KILLED OFF YOUR PREDECESSOR AND
- 00:34:50.769 --> 00:34:52.171
- YOUR PREDECESSOR AND ASCENDED THE THRONE, OF
- 00:34:52.237 --> 00:34:55.073
- ASCENDED THE THRONE, OF COURSE, YOU'RE GONNA WANT
- 00:34:55.140 --> 00:34:55.707
- COURSE, YOU'RE GONNA WANT TO ESTABLISH YOURSELF.
- 00:34:55.774 --> 00:34:56.275
- TO ESTABLISH YOURSELF. YOU LOOK FOR LOYALTY, RIGHT?
- 00:34:56.341 --> 00:34:59.711
- YOU LOOK FOR LOYALTY, RIGHT? [MUSIC]
- 00:34:59.778 --> 00:35:02.247
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: SO THEY
- 00:35:02.314 --> 00:35:03.015
- - STANLEY: SO THEY INSTITUTED UNDER THE
- 00:35:03.081 --> 00:35:04.416
- INSTITUTED UNDER THE EMPEROR DECIUS, IN
- 00:35:04.483 --> 00:35:05.784
- EMPEROR DECIUS, IN PARTICULAR, CREATED THIS
- 00:35:05.851 --> 00:35:06.752
- PARTICULAR, CREATED THIS NOTION OF WORSHIPING THE
- 00:35:06.818 --> 00:35:07.719
- NOTION OF WORSHIPING THE GENUS OF THE EMPEROR.
- 00:35:07.786 --> 00:35:10.455
- GENUS OF THE EMPEROR. THE GENUS IS THE SPIRITUAL
- 00:35:10.522 --> 00:35:11.089
- THE GENUS IS THE SPIRITUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE
- 00:35:11.156 --> 00:35:12.191
- REPRESENTATION OF THE PERSON, BUT IT WAS A FORM
- 00:35:12.257 --> 00:35:13.158
- PERSON, BUT IT WAS A FORM OF PAGAN WORSHIP.
- 00:35:13.225 --> 00:35:18.797
- - STANLEY: NOW, WHO WERE
- 00:35:19.598 --> 00:35:20.265
- - STANLEY: NOW, WHO WERE THE PEOPLE WHO REFUSED TO
- 00:35:20.332 --> 00:35:20.899
- THE PEOPLE WHO REFUSED TO WORSHIP THE GENUS OF THE
- 00:35:20.966 --> 00:35:21.500
- WORSHIP THE GENUS OF THE EMPEROR?
- 00:35:21.567 --> 00:35:22.067
- EMPEROR? THE CHRISTIANS.
- 00:35:22.134 --> 00:35:23.468
- THE CHRISTIANS. IN THE ANCIENT WORLD,
- 00:35:23.535 --> 00:35:24.203
- IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, POLITICS AND RELIGION ARE
- 00:35:24.269 --> 00:35:25.404
- POLITICS AND RELIGION ARE TWO SIDES OF THE SAME
- 00:35:25.470 --> 00:35:27.372
- TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN, SO IF YOU WANTED TO
- 00:35:27.439 --> 00:35:28.240
- COIN, SO IF YOU WANTED TO MAKE A POLITICAL MOVE,
- 00:35:28.307 --> 00:35:29.341
- MAKE A POLITICAL MOVE, INEVITABLY IT'S GOT A
- 00:35:29.408 --> 00:35:30.576
- INEVITABLY IT'S GOT A RELIGIOUS DIMENSION TO IT.
- 00:35:30.642 --> 00:35:31.510
- RELIGIOUS DIMENSION TO IT. SO YOU HAVE THE POLITICAL
- 00:35:31.577 --> 00:35:32.744
- SO YOU HAVE THE POLITICAL MOVE OF INSTITUTING A
- 00:35:32.811 --> 00:35:34.112
- MOVE OF INSTITUTING A LOYALTY TEST, BUT IT'S A
- 00:35:34.179 --> 00:35:36.181
- LOYALTY TEST, BUT IT'S A RELIGIOUS LOYALTY TEST
- 00:35:36.248 --> 00:35:36.949
- RELIGIOUS LOYALTY TEST BECAUSE IT'S INCONCEIVABLE
- 00:35:37.015 --> 00:35:38.183
- BECAUSE IT'S INCONCEIVABLE NOT TO DO THAT TOGETHER.
- 00:35:38.250 --> 00:35:41.320
- - STANLEY: THE CHRISTIANS
- 00:35:41.954 --> 00:35:42.888
- - STANLEY: THE CHRISTIANS ARE NOT GIVING THEIR
- 00:35:42.955 --> 00:35:43.522
- ARE NOT GIVING THEIR LOYALTY, IF YOU WILL.
- 00:35:43.589 --> 00:35:44.556
- LOYALTY, IF YOU WILL. YOU KNOW, FOR THEM, YOU
- 00:35:44.623 --> 00:35:45.324
- YOU KNOW, FOR THEM, YOU KNOW, THEY WRITE LETTERS AND
- 00:35:45.390 --> 00:35:46.625
- KNOW, THEY WRITE LETTERS AND SAY, "WE'RE GONNA BE LOYAL."
- 00:35:46.692 --> 00:35:50.662
- SAY, "WE'RE GONNA BE LOYAL." THEY WERE OFFERING THEIR
- 00:35:50.729 --> 00:35:51.730
- THEY WERE OFFERING THEIR LOYALTY,
- 00:35:51.797 --> 00:35:52.531
- LOYALTY, BUT NOT THROUGH A WAY THAT
- 00:35:52.598 --> 00:35:53.165
- BUT NOT THROUGH A WAY THAT THE IMPERIAL MECHANISM
- 00:35:53.232 --> 00:35:53.966
- THE IMPERIAL MECHANISM COULD RECOGNIZE, AND SO
- 00:35:54.032 --> 00:35:54.566
- COULD RECOGNIZE, AND SO YOU HAVE THESE
- 00:35:54.633 --> 00:35:55.334
- YOU HAVE THESE PERSECUTIONS.
- 00:35:55.400 --> 00:35:59.037
- - STANLEY: AND THE
- 00:35:59.638 --> 00:36:00.105
- - STANLEY: AND THE PERSECUTIONS, OVER TIME,
- 00:36:00.172 --> 00:36:01.139
- PERSECUTIONS, OVER TIME, GO FROM INITIALLY
- 00:36:01.206 --> 00:36:02.107
- GO FROM INITIALLY SPASMODIC, QUITE LOCAL,
- 00:36:02.174 --> 00:36:04.309
- SPASMODIC, QUITE LOCAL, NOT AS A OVERALL IMPERIAL
- 00:36:04.376 --> 00:36:06.445
- NOT AS A OVERALL IMPERIAL POLICY, SLOWLY BECOME A
- 00:36:06.511 --> 00:36:07.613
- POLICY, SLOWLY BECOME A BIT MORE OF THAT.
- 00:36:07.679 --> 00:36:09.014
- BIT MORE OF THAT. THE FACT THAT THE
- 00:36:09.081 --> 00:36:10.282
- THE FACT THAT THE PROSECUTIONS ARE FOCUSING
- 00:36:10.349 --> 00:36:11.617
- PROSECUTIONS ARE FOCUSING MORE AND MORE ON
- 00:36:11.683 --> 00:36:13.685
- MORE AND MORE ON LEADERSHIP, WELL, THAT
- 00:36:13.752 --> 00:36:14.386
- LEADERSHIP, WELL, THAT SHOWS US THAT THERE IS
- 00:36:14.453 --> 00:36:15.621
- SHOWS US THAT THERE IS SOME EMERGING SENSE OF THE
- 00:36:15.687 --> 00:36:17.356
- SOME EMERGING SENSE OF THE CHURCH AS AN INSTITUTION.
- 00:36:17.422 --> 00:36:20.892
- - STANLEY: IN THIS
- 00:36:21.493 --> 00:36:21.960
- - STANLEY: IN THIS CONTEXT OF THIS CHAOS, YOU
- 00:36:22.027 --> 00:36:22.961
- CONTEXT OF THIS CHAOS, YOU DIOCLETIAN ASSUME THE THRONE.
- 00:36:23.028 --> 00:36:28.734
- DIOCLETIAN ASSUME THE THRONE. ♪
- 00:36:28.800 --> 00:36:32.104
- ♪ ♪
- 00:36:32.170 --> 00:36:36.208
- - STANLEY: EMPEROR
- 00:36:41.546 --> 00:36:42.014
- - STANLEY: EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN DIVIDES THE
- 00:36:42.080 --> 00:36:42.881
- DIOCLETIAN DIVIDES THE ROMAN EMPIRE INTO EAST AND
- 00:36:42.948 --> 00:36:44.016
- ROMAN EMPIRE INTO EAST AND WEST, AND IT'S AT THAT
- 00:36:44.082 --> 00:36:45.651
- WEST, AND IT'S AT THAT POINT THAT WE GET THE
- 00:36:45.717 --> 00:36:46.718
- POINT THAT WE GET THE EASTERN AND WESTERN
- 00:36:46.785 --> 00:36:48.220
- EASTERN AND WESTERN CULTURAL DIVIDE, IF YOU WILL,
- 00:36:48.287 --> 00:36:49.388
- CULTURAL DIVIDE, IF YOU WILL, THE GREEK AND LATIN WORLDS.
- 00:36:49.454 --> 00:36:50.856
- THE GREEK AND LATIN WORLDS. HE DID IT IN THE NATURAL
- 00:36:50.922 --> 00:36:52.124
- HE DID IT IN THE NATURAL PLACE, BUT WE STILL HAVE
- 00:36:52.190 --> 00:36:53.625
- PLACE, BUT WE STILL HAVE THAT TO THIS DAY.
- 00:36:53.692 --> 00:36:54.459
- THAT TO THIS DAY. WE REFER TO EASTERN EUROPE.
- 00:36:54.526 --> 00:36:59.598
- WE REFER TO EASTERN EUROPE. ♪
- 00:36:59.665 --> 00:37:03.902
- ♪ ♪
- 00:37:03.969 --> 00:37:07.973
- ♪ - STANLEY: HE CREATED TWO
- 00:37:08.040 --> 00:37:08.607
- - STANLEY: HE CREATED TWO EMPERORS FOR THE EAST AND
- 00:37:08.674 --> 00:37:09.941
- EMPERORS FOR THE EAST AND WEST, AND TWO, IF YOU WILL,
- 00:37:10.008 --> 00:37:11.443
- WEST, AND TWO, IF YOU WILL, VICE-EMPERORS, THE CAESARS.
- 00:37:11.510 --> 00:37:15.881
- - STANLEY: AND SO, WHAT
- 00:37:16.415 --> 00:37:16.948
- - STANLEY: AND SO, WHAT HE DID IS HE CREATED AN
- 00:37:17.015 --> 00:37:17.549
- HE DID IS HE CREATED AN AUTHORITATIVE STRUCTURE
- 00:37:17.616 --> 00:37:18.150
- AUTHORITATIVE STRUCTURE THAT ALSO PROMOTED PEOPLE
- 00:37:18.216 --> 00:37:19.084
- THAT ALSO PROMOTED PEOPLE WHO COULD THEN CONTEND
- 00:37:19.151 --> 00:37:20.986
- WHO COULD THEN CONTEND WITH EACH OTHER IF THEY
- 00:37:21.053 --> 00:37:22.254
- WITH EACH OTHER IF THEY WANTED TO HAVE A SINGLE RULE.
- 00:37:22.321 --> 00:37:26.491
- [MUSIC]
- 00:37:27.492 --> 00:37:33.999
- - STANLEY: HE THEN DOES A
- 00:37:34.533 --> 00:37:35.100
- - STANLEY: HE THEN DOES A REALLY SURPRISING THING.
- 00:37:35.167 --> 00:37:36.201
- REALLY SURPRISING THING. HE RETIRES.
- 00:37:36.268 --> 00:37:39.271
- HE RETIRES. EMPERORS DON'T DO THAT.
- 00:37:39.338 --> 00:37:41.573
- EMPERORS DON'T DO THAT. A CIVIL WAR ERUPTS WHEN HE
- 00:37:41.640 --> 00:37:42.307
- A CIVIL WAR ERUPTS WHEN HE RETIRES.
- 00:37:42.374 --> 00:37:45.477
- RETIRES. THIS YOUNG UPSTART OUT OF
- 00:37:45.544 --> 00:37:46.745
- THIS YOUNG UPSTART OUT OF YORK, SON OF ONE OF THE
- 00:37:46.812 --> 00:37:48.146
- YORK, SON OF ONE OF THE CO-EMPEROR, MARCHES ON ROME.
- 00:37:48.213 --> 00:37:50.549
- CO-EMPEROR, MARCHES ON ROME. THIS IS CONSTANTINE.
- 00:37:50.615 --> 00:37:53.452
- THIS IS CONSTANTINE. [MUSIC]
- 00:37:53.518 --> 00:37:56.455
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: HE
- 00:37:56.521 --> 00:37:57.422
- - STANLEY: HE WALL-MARCHED INTO ROME,
- 00:37:57.489 --> 00:37:58.657
- WALL-MARCHED INTO ROME, HAS SOME SORT OF VISION.
- 00:37:58.724 --> 00:37:59.424
- HAS SOME SORT OF VISION. WE DON'T-- IT COULD'VE
- 00:37:59.491 --> 00:38:00.726
- WE DON'T-- IT COULD'VE BEEN SHORTLY BEFORE.
- 00:38:00.792 --> 00:38:01.560
- BEEN SHORTLY BEFORE. SOMETIMES IT SEEMS TO BE
- 00:38:01.626 --> 00:38:02.294
- SOMETIMES IT SEEMS TO BE ABOUT THREE MONTHS BEFORE,
- 00:38:02.361 --> 00:38:03.295
- ABOUT THREE MONTHS BEFORE, BUT HE HAS SOME SORT OF VISION.
- 00:38:03.362 --> 00:38:04.096
- BUT HE HAS SOME SORT OF VISION. HE SAYS HE SEES THE SIGN
- 00:38:04.162 --> 00:38:05.964
- HE SAYS HE SEES THE SIGN OF THE CROSS AND A VOICE
- 00:38:06.031 --> 00:38:07.499
- OF THE CROSS AND A VOICE SAYING, "CONQUER USING
- 00:38:07.566 --> 00:38:08.066
- SAYING, "CONQUER USING THIS SIGN,"
- 00:38:08.133 --> 00:38:10.035
- THIS SIGN," "IN HOC SIGNO VINCES."
- 00:38:10.102 --> 00:38:12.904
- "IN HOC SIGNO VINCES." CONSTANTINE HAS THE "CHI-RHO,"
- 00:38:12.971 --> 00:38:13.605
- CONSTANTINE HAS THE "CHI-RHO," THE TRADITIONAL EARLY
- 00:38:13.672 --> 00:38:16.174
- THE TRADITIONAL EARLY CHRISTIAN IMAGE OF CHRIST
- 00:38:16.241 --> 00:38:17.008
- CHRISTIAN IMAGE OF CHRIST AND THE CROSS PAINTED ON
- 00:38:17.075 --> 00:38:19.111
- AND THE CROSS PAINTED ON THE SHIELDS OF SOLDIERS.
- 00:38:19.177 --> 00:38:20.545
- THE SHIELDS OF SOLDIERS. THEY WERE OUTMANNED,
- 00:38:20.612 --> 00:38:21.880
- THEY WERE OUTMANNED, SUBSTANTIALLY OUTNUMBERED,
- 00:38:21.947 --> 00:38:23.682
- SUBSTANTIALLY OUTNUMBERED, SO THEY'RE THE OFFENDERS,
- 00:38:23.749 --> 00:38:25.217
- SO THEY'RE THE OFFENDERS, NOT THE DEFENDERS;
- 00:38:25.283 --> 00:38:26.051
- NOT THE DEFENDERS; OUTNUMBERED,
- 00:38:26.118 --> 00:38:27.586
- OUTNUMBERED, AND THEY'RE GOING AGAINST
- 00:38:27.652 --> 00:38:30.555
- AND THEY'RE GOING AGAINST A FORTIFIED LOCATION, AND
- 00:38:30.622 --> 00:38:31.189
- A FORTIFIED LOCATION, AND THEY HAVE THE RIVER TIBER.
- 00:38:31.256 --> 00:38:33.058
- THEY HAVE THE RIVER TIBER. EVEN MORE THAN THAT,
- 00:38:33.125 --> 00:38:34.025
- EVEN MORE THAN THAT, HIS OPPONENT, THE OTHER
- 00:38:34.092 --> 00:38:35.360
- HIS OPPONENT, THE OTHER GENERAL WANTING TO
- 00:38:35.427 --> 00:38:36.194
- GENERAL WANTING TO BE THE EMPEROR IN THE
- 00:38:36.261 --> 00:38:36.995
- BE THE EMPEROR IN THE CIVIL WAR, MAXENTIUS,
- 00:38:37.062 --> 00:38:38.830
- CIVIL WAR, MAXENTIUS, ACTUALLY DIES CROSSING
- 00:38:38.897 --> 00:38:40.132
- ACTUALLY DIES CROSSING THE RIVER.
- 00:38:40.198 --> 00:38:48.306
- THE RIVER. HIS BARGE IS HIT.
- 00:38:48.373 --> 00:38:49.441
- HIS BARGE IS HIT. IT SINKS, AND HE DIES IN
- 00:38:49.508 --> 00:38:50.142
- IT SINKS, AND HE DIES IN HIS ARMOR.
- 00:38:50.208 --> 00:38:53.345
- HIS ARMOR. NOW, FOR A ROMAN, THAT'S AN
- 00:38:53.412 --> 00:38:54.746
- NOW, FOR A ROMAN, THAT'S AN IGNOMINIOUS DEATH.
- 00:38:54.813 --> 00:38:57.849
- IGNOMINIOUS DEATH. IT WAS A GIVEN IN THE
- 00:38:57.916 --> 00:38:58.817
- IT WAS A GIVEN IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, THE
- 00:38:58.884 --> 00:38:59.518
- ANCIENT WORLD, THE EMPERORS WOULD CHOOSE
- 00:38:59.584 --> 00:39:00.886
- EMPERORS WOULD CHOOSE DIFFERENT GODS TO BE THEIR
- 00:39:00.952 --> 00:39:01.920
- DIFFERENT GODS TO BE THEIR PATRONS.
- 00:39:01.987 --> 00:39:03.488
- PATRONS. SO YOU HAVE LITERALLY THE
- 00:39:03.555 --> 00:39:04.890
- SO YOU HAVE LITERALLY THE GOD OF THE CHRISTIANS IN A
- 00:39:04.956 --> 00:39:07.292
- GOD OF THE CHRISTIANS IN A CIVIL WAR WITH CONSTANTINE
- 00:39:07.359 --> 00:39:08.493
- CIVIL WAR WITH CONSTANTINE AND MAXENTIUS, UP AGAINST
- 00:39:08.560 --> 00:39:10.095
- AND MAXENTIUS, UP AGAINST ANOTHER GOD.
- 00:39:10.162 --> 00:39:12.497
- ANOTHER GOD. IT WAS OPPOSING OF
- 00:39:12.564 --> 00:39:13.365
- IT WAS OPPOSING OF CONSTANTINE AND HIS PATRON
- 00:39:13.432 --> 00:39:14.833
- CONSTANTINE AND HIS PATRON GOD AGAINST MAXENTIUS AND HIS.
- 00:39:14.900 --> 00:39:18.804
- GOD AGAINST MAXENTIUS AND HIS. [MUSIC]
- 00:39:18.870 --> 00:39:20.372
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: AND THIS PLAYS
- 00:39:20.439 --> 00:39:21.006
- - STANLEY: AND THIS PLAYS INTO THE MIND-SET OF
- 00:39:21.072 --> 00:39:21.706
- INTO THE MIND-SET OF CHRISTIANS.
- 00:39:21.773 --> 00:39:22.474
- CHRISTIANS. THEY'VE JUST EXPERIENCED
- 00:39:22.541 --> 00:39:23.241
- THEY'VE JUST EXPERIENCED SEVERAL HORRIBLE
- 00:39:23.308 --> 00:39:24.009
- SEVERAL HORRIBLE PERSECUTIONS.
- 00:39:24.075 --> 00:39:25.210
- PERSECUTIONS. YOU HAVE THIS YOUNG
- 00:39:25.277 --> 00:39:27.979
- YOU HAVE THIS YOUNG UPSTART OF YORK WIN A
- 00:39:28.046 --> 00:39:30.549
- UPSTART OF YORK WIN A BATTLE HE SHOULDN'T HAVE WON.
- 00:39:30.615 --> 00:39:31.883
- BATTLE HE SHOULDN'T HAVE WON. HE'S SEEN THE OPPONENT
- 00:39:31.950 --> 00:39:34.152
- HE'S SEEN THE OPPONENT KILLED IN A IGNOMINIOUS
- 00:39:34.219 --> 00:39:35.187
- KILLED IN A IGNOMINIOUS WAY, AND THE RESPONSE WAS
- 00:39:35.253 --> 00:39:36.154
- WAY, AND THE RESPONSE WAS THIS DELIGHT, THIS
- 00:39:36.221 --> 00:39:38.256
- THIS DELIGHT, THIS EXCITEMENT, THIS
- 00:39:38.323 --> 00:39:38.957
- EXCITEMENT, THIS OUTPOURING OF SUPPORT:
- 00:39:39.024 --> 00:39:41.126
- OUTPOURING OF SUPPORT: "CONSTANTINE IS OUR MAN."
- 00:39:41.193 --> 00:39:43.495
- "CONSTANTINE IS OUR MAN." "CONSTANTINE HAS BEEN
- 00:39:43.562 --> 00:39:44.062
- "CONSTANTINE HAS BEEN CALLED BY GOD."
- 00:39:44.129 --> 00:39:46.097
- CALLED BY GOD." "CONSTANTINE HAS BROUGHT
- 00:39:46.164 --> 00:39:46.731
- "CONSTANTINE HAS BROUGHT CHRISTIANITY TO ROME."
- 00:39:46.798 --> 00:39:51.303
- - JUSTO: CONSTANTINE
- 00:39:55.740 --> 00:39:56.241
- - JUSTO: CONSTANTINE BECAME THE SOLE EMPEROR,
- 00:39:56.308 --> 00:39:58.176
- BECAME THE SOLE EMPEROR, BUT EVENTUALLY, HE'S THE
- 00:39:58.243 --> 00:40:00.078
- BUT EVENTUALLY, HE'S THE ONE WHO NOT ONLY PUTS AN
- 00:40:00.145 --> 00:40:01.179
- ONE WHO NOT ONLY PUTS AN END TO THE PERSECUTIONS,
- 00:40:01.246 --> 00:40:03.815
- END TO THE PERSECUTIONS, BUT STARTS FAVORING THE
- 00:40:03.882 --> 00:40:04.416
- BUT STARTS FAVORING THE CHURCH IN VARIOUS WAYS.
- 00:40:04.483 --> 00:40:07.652
- CHURCH IN VARIOUS WAYS. - JONATHAN: CONSTANTINE
- 00:40:07.719 --> 00:40:08.253
- - JONATHAN: CONSTANTINE DIDN'T IMPOSE CHRISTIANITY
- 00:40:08.320 --> 00:40:09.287
- DIDN'T IMPOSE CHRISTIANITY ON THE EMPIRE.
- 00:40:09.354 --> 00:40:10.489
- ON THE EMPIRE. HE DIDN'T FORCE ANYBODY TO
- 00:40:10.555 --> 00:40:12.123
- HE DIDN'T FORCE ANYBODY TO BECOME A CHRISTIAN.
- 00:40:12.190 --> 00:40:13.425
- BECOME A CHRISTIAN. HE ALLOWED CHRISTIANITY TO
- 00:40:13.492 --> 00:40:14.759
- HE ALLOWED CHRISTIANITY TO BE PRACTICED, AND BY HIS
- 00:40:14.826 --> 00:40:16.428
- BE PRACTICED, AND BY HIS EXAMPLE, HE PROMOTED IT.
- 00:40:16.495 --> 00:40:21.766
- - JONATHAN: IF THE
- 00:40:22.400 --> 00:40:22.868
- - JONATHAN: IF THE EMPEROR GROWS A BEARD,
- 00:40:22.934 --> 00:40:23.435
- EMPEROR GROWS A BEARD, EVERYBODY GROWS A BEARD.
- 00:40:23.502 --> 00:40:24.870
- EVERYBODY GROWS A BEARD. - STANLEY: AND, SUDDENLY,
- 00:40:24.936 --> 00:40:25.504
- - STANLEY: AND, SUDDENLY, INSTEAD OF BISHOPS BEING
- 00:40:25.570 --> 00:40:27.172
- INSTEAD OF BISHOPS BEING PERSECUTED AND BEING ASKED
- 00:40:27.239 --> 00:40:28.573
- PERSECUTED AND BEING ASKED TO BURN THE BIBLES AND
- 00:40:28.640 --> 00:40:29.474
- TO BURN THE BIBLES AND RENOUNCE CHRIST, YOU HAVE
- 00:40:29.541 --> 00:40:30.442
- RENOUNCE CHRIST, YOU HAVE BISHOPS IN THE IMPERIAL
- 00:40:30.509 --> 00:40:31.443
- BISHOPS IN THE IMPERIAL COURT AS SENIOR ADVISERS.
- 00:40:31.510 --> 00:40:35.480
- - STANLEY: AND IT'S
- 00:40:36.248 --> 00:40:36.915
- - STANLEY: AND IT'S DURING THIS TIME THAT THE
- 00:40:36.982 --> 00:40:37.916
- DURING THIS TIME THAT THE CHURCH BEGINS TO
- 00:40:37.983 --> 00:40:38.984
- CHURCH BEGINS TO RECONSIDER ITS PLACE, ITS
- 00:40:39.050 --> 00:40:39.818
- RECONSIDER ITS PLACE, ITS IDENTITY, AND YOU SEE THIS
- 00:40:39.885 --> 00:40:41.019
- IDENTITY, AND YOU SEE THIS IN EUSEBIUS' CHURCH HISTORY.
- 00:40:41.086 --> 00:40:42.554
- IN EUSEBIUS' CHURCH HISTORY. WE HAVE EUSEBIUS POSITING
- 00:40:42.621 --> 00:40:45.123
- WE HAVE EUSEBIUS POSITING CONSTANTINE AS GOD'S NEXT
- 00:40:45.190 --> 00:40:49.060
- CONSTANTINE AS GOD'S NEXT STEP BEYOND CHRIST AND
- 00:40:49.127 --> 00:40:50.262
- STEP BEYOND CHRIST AND SALVATION HISTORY SO THAT
- 00:40:50.328 --> 00:40:51.763
- SALVATION HISTORY SO THAT CONSTANTINE IS MOVING THE
- 00:40:51.830 --> 00:40:53.365
- CONSTANTINE IS MOVING THE WORLD FORWARD IN GOD'S
- 00:40:53.431 --> 00:40:55.800
- WORLD FORWARD IN GOD'S INTENDED PLAN FOR HISTORY
- 00:40:55.867 --> 00:40:56.601
- INTENDED PLAN FOR HISTORY BECAUSE HE'S
- 00:40:56.668 --> 00:40:59.004
- BECAUSE HE'S CHRISTIANIZING.
- 00:40:59.070 --> 00:41:00.238
- CHRISTIANIZING. HE'S MADE ROME CHRISTIAN.
- 00:41:00.305 --> 00:41:02.073
- HE'S MADE ROME CHRISTIAN. HE'S TURNING ROMAN
- 00:41:02.140 --> 00:41:03.174
- HE'S TURNING ROMAN ROADS, THIS GREAT ENGINEERING
- 00:41:03.241 --> 00:41:03.909
- ROADS, THIS GREAT ENGINEERING MARVEL OF THE WORLD.
- 00:41:03.975 --> 00:41:05.810
- MARVEL OF THE WORLD. HE'S MAKING THEM TOOLS FOR
- 00:41:05.877 --> 00:41:07.579
- HE'S MAKING THEM TOOLS FOR PROPAGATING THE GOSPEL,
- 00:41:07.646 --> 00:41:09.080
- PROPAGATING THE GOSPEL, SO, OF COURSE, GOD MUST
- 00:41:09.147 --> 00:41:10.215
- SO, OF COURSE, GOD MUST HAVE INTENDED CONSTANTINE.
- 00:41:10.282 --> 00:41:13.919
- - STANLEY: AND SO THEY
- 00:41:14.619 --> 00:41:15.153
- - STANLEY: AND SO THEY THINK IN TERMS OF THE
- 00:41:15.220 --> 00:41:15.921
- THINK IN TERMS OF THE PEACE OF THE GODS, AND NOW
- 00:41:15.987 --> 00:41:18.223
- PEACE OF THE GODS, AND NOW IT'S NOT "THE GODS," BUT
- 00:41:18.290 --> 00:41:19.057
- IT'S NOT "THE GODS," BUT THE PEACE OF GOD PLAYING
- 00:41:19.124 --> 00:41:20.125
- THE PEACE OF GOD PLAYING OUT THROUGH ROMAN CULTURE
- 00:41:20.191 --> 00:41:21.359
- OUT THROUGH ROMAN CULTURE AND SOCIETY.
- 00:41:21.426 --> 00:41:24.496
- - STANLEY: YOU HAVE THE
- 00:41:25.096 --> 00:41:25.630
- - STANLEY: YOU HAVE THE SAME THEOLOGICAL VISION,
- 00:41:25.697 --> 00:41:27.732
- SAME THEOLOGICAL VISION, POLITICAL PAGAN VISION,
- 00:41:27.799 --> 00:41:29.267
- POLITICAL PAGAN VISION, TAKE ROOT WITHIN THE CHURCH.
- 00:41:29.334 --> 00:41:32.470
- - JONATHAN; PALESTINE, AT
- 00:41:33.271 --> 00:41:33.838
- - JONATHAN; PALESTINE, AT THIS POINT, WAS A VERY
- 00:41:33.905 --> 00:41:35.740
- THIS POINT, WAS A VERY PAGAN AREA EVER SINCE A.D. 70,
- 00:41:35.807 --> 00:41:37.475
- PAGAN AREA EVER SINCE A.D. 70, WHEN THE ROMANS HAD
- 00:41:37.542 --> 00:41:39.611
- WHEN THE ROMANS HAD DESTROYED JERUSALEM, BUT
- 00:41:39.678 --> 00:41:40.879
- DESTROYED JERUSALEM, BUT WHEN CONSTANTINE BECAME
- 00:41:40.946 --> 00:41:42.814
- WHEN CONSTANTINE BECAME EMPEROR, HE TRANSFORMED
- 00:41:42.881 --> 00:41:43.882
- EMPEROR, HE TRANSFORMED PALESTINE.
- 00:41:43.949 --> 00:41:45.750
- PALESTINE. HE BUILT ENORMOUS CHURCHES
- 00:41:45.817 --> 00:41:46.551
- HE BUILT ENORMOUS CHURCHES TO CELEBRATE THE GREAT
- 00:41:46.618 --> 00:41:48.153
- TO CELEBRATE THE GREAT EVENTS RECOUNTED IN THE
- 00:41:48.219 --> 00:41:49.854
- EVENTS RECOUNTED IN THE GOSPELS, THE BIRTH OF
- 00:41:49.921 --> 00:41:51.523
- GOSPELS, THE BIRTH OF CHRIST IN BETHLEHEM, THE
- 00:41:51.590 --> 00:41:52.424
- CHRIST IN BETHLEHEM, THE DEATH AND BURIAL OF CHRIST
- 00:41:52.490 --> 00:41:55.660
- DEATH AND BURIAL OF CHRIST IN JERUSALEM, AND THESE
- 00:41:55.727 --> 00:41:56.394
- IN JERUSALEM, AND THESE GREAT CHURCHES TRANSFORMED
- 00:41:56.461 --> 00:41:58.697
- GREAT CHURCHES TRANSFORMED PALESTINE INTO A CENTER OF
- 00:41:58.763 --> 00:42:00.198
- PALESTINE INTO A CENTER OF PILGRIMAGE AND CHANGED THE
- 00:42:00.265 --> 00:42:02.033
- PILGRIMAGE AND CHANGED THE RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF
- 00:42:02.100 --> 00:42:02.968
- RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF PALESTINE FOR GOOD.
- 00:42:03.034 --> 00:42:06.271
- - STANLEY: CONSTANTINE
- 00:42:09.174 --> 00:42:09.741
- - STANLEY: CONSTANTINE WAS ALSO A BRUTAL
- 00:42:09.808 --> 00:42:10.642
- WAS ALSO A BRUTAL DICTATOR, SO LET'S NOT
- 00:42:10.709 --> 00:42:12.410
- DICTATOR, SO LET'S NOT PRETEND THAT WE HAVE A
- 00:42:12.477 --> 00:42:13.745
- PRETEND THAT WE HAVE A CHARMING, GENTLE LEADER.
- 00:42:13.812 --> 00:42:15.280
- CHARMING, GENTLE LEADER. - JUSTO: HE ORDERED HIS
- 00:42:15.347 --> 00:42:17.716
- - JUSTO: HE ORDERED HIS OWN SON EXECUTED BECAUSE
- 00:42:17.782 --> 00:42:18.617
- OWN SON EXECUTED BECAUSE HE SUSPECTED THAT HIS SON
- 00:42:18.683 --> 00:42:19.985
- HE SUSPECTED THAT HIS SON WAS CONSPIRING AGAINST HIM.
- 00:42:20.051 --> 00:42:22.187
- WAS CONSPIRING AGAINST HIM. AT THE SAME TIME,
- 00:42:22.253 --> 00:42:24.255
- AT THE SAME TIME, THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE, HE
- 00:42:24.322 --> 00:42:25.624
- THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE, HE WAS THE HIGH PRIEST OF
- 00:42:25.690 --> 00:42:27.158
- WAS THE HIGH PRIEST OF PAGANISM.
- 00:42:27.225 --> 00:42:30.261
- - JUSTO: YOU BEGIN
- 00:42:33.531 --> 00:42:33.999
- - JUSTO: YOU BEGIN WONDERING ABOUT ALL THIS
- 00:42:34.065 --> 00:42:35.066
- WONDERING ABOUT ALL THIS CHEAP CHRISTIANITY
- 00:42:35.133 --> 00:42:36.267
- CHEAP CHRISTIANITY THAT'S DEVELOPING AROUND
- 00:42:36.334 --> 00:42:37.035
- THAT'S DEVELOPING AROUND YOU, AND ONE OF THE
- 00:42:37.102 --> 00:42:38.436
- YOU, AND ONE OF THE OPTIONS--THERE ARE MANY
- 00:42:38.503 --> 00:42:39.437
- OPTIONS--THERE ARE MANY OPTIONS, BUT ONE OF THE
- 00:42:39.504 --> 00:42:40.939
- OPTIONS, BUT ONE OF THE OPTIONS SAY, "I'M GONNA GO
- 00:42:41.006 --> 00:42:41.573
- OPTIONS SAY, "I'M GONNA GO AWAY SOMEPLACE AND GET
- 00:42:41.640 --> 00:42:42.240
- AWAY SOMEPLACE AND GET AWAY FROM THIS CORRUPT
- 00:42:42.307 --> 00:42:43.642
- AWAY FROM THIS CORRUPT SOCIETY," AND THE WORD FOR
- 00:42:43.708 --> 00:42:45.777
- SOCIETY," AND THE WORD FOR SOMEBODY WHO FLEES,
- 00:42:45.844 --> 00:42:48.046
- SOMEBODY WHO FLEES, EVENTUALLY BECAME THE WORD
- 00:42:48.113 --> 00:42:49.280
- EVENTUALLY BECAME THE WORD FOR "MONASTIC."
- 00:42:49.347 --> 00:42:52.917
- - JUSTO: YOU HAVE TO
- 00:42:53.952 --> 00:42:55.920
- - JUSTO: YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE POWER OF
- 00:42:55.987 --> 00:42:56.988
- UNDERSTAND THE POWER OF THE MONASTIC MOVEMENT IN
- 00:42:57.055 --> 00:42:58.056
- THE MONASTIC MOVEMENT IN THOSE YEARS.
- 00:42:58.123 --> 00:43:01.426
- THOSE YEARS. YOU HAVE ALL THESE PEOPLE
- 00:43:01.493 --> 00:43:02.060
- YOU HAVE ALL THESE PEOPLE THAT HAVE BEEN TRAINING
- 00:43:02.127 --> 00:43:02.661
- THAT HAVE BEEN TRAINING FOR MARTYRDOM.
- 00:43:02.727 --> 00:43:06.398
- FOR MARTYRDOM. - DAVID: MONASTICISM IS
- 00:43:06.464 --> 00:43:07.399
- - DAVID: MONASTICISM IS JUST A PARTICULAR FORM OF
- 00:43:07.465 --> 00:43:08.800
- JUST A PARTICULAR FORM OF CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM,
- 00:43:08.867 --> 00:43:11.036
- CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM, TAKING VERY SERIOUSLY WHAT
- 00:43:11.102 --> 00:43:11.670
- TAKING VERY SERIOUSLY WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE TO BE REALLY
- 00:43:11.736 --> 00:43:13.138
- IT LOOKS LIKE TO BE REALLY INTENTIONAL AND WANTING TO
- 00:43:13.204 --> 00:43:15.106
- INTENTIONAL AND WANTING TO DO THAT IN A WAY THAT IS
- 00:43:15.173 --> 00:43:16.274
- DO THAT IN A WAY THAT IS DENYING THE FLESH IN ORDER
- 00:43:16.341 --> 00:43:19.644
- DENYING THE FLESH IN ORDER TO GIVE LIFE TO THE
- 00:43:19.711 --> 00:43:20.645
- TO GIVE LIFE TO THE SPIRIT.
- 00:43:20.712 --> 00:43:23.748
- - DAVID: FROM THE VERY
- 00:43:24.416 --> 00:43:24.949
- - DAVID: FROM THE VERY BEGINNING, WE HAVE
- 00:43:25.016 --> 00:43:25.750
- BEGINNING, WE HAVE CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM BEING
- 00:43:25.817 --> 00:43:26.484
- CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM BEING INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT FOR
- 00:43:26.551 --> 00:43:27.652
- INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT FOR THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY.
- 00:43:27.719 --> 00:43:29.087
- THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY. WHAT CHANGES WITH
- 00:43:29.154 --> 00:43:30.955
- WHAT CHANGES WITH MONASTICISM IS THAT YOU
- 00:43:31.022 --> 00:43:32.390
- MONASTICISM IS THAT YOU HAVE PEOPLE MOVING OUT TO
- 00:43:32.457 --> 00:43:34.092
- HAVE PEOPLE MOVING OUT TO PLACES THAT REMOVE THEM
- 00:43:34.159 --> 00:43:36.294
- PLACES THAT REMOVE THEM FROM THE CITY, AND SO THAT
- 00:43:36.361 --> 00:43:37.862
- FROM THE CITY, AND SO THAT FORM OF ASCETICISM BECOMES
- 00:43:37.929 --> 00:43:38.763
- FORM OF ASCETICISM BECOMES PROMINENT IN PLACES LIKE
- 00:43:38.830 --> 00:43:40.031
- PROMINENT IN PLACES LIKE THE EGYPTIAN DESERT.
- 00:43:40.098 --> 00:43:43.301
- - JERRY: THE LIFE OF
- 00:43:47.405 --> 00:43:48.106
- - JERRY: THE LIFE OF ST. ANTHONY," WRITTEN BY
- 00:43:48.173 --> 00:43:50.341
- ST. ANTHONY," WRITTEN BY ATHANASIUS, ENDED UP
- 00:43:50.408 --> 00:43:52.377
- ATHANASIUS, ENDED UP BECOMING, SORT OF, LIKE A
- 00:43:52.444 --> 00:43:54.312
- BECOMING, SORT OF, LIKE A GUIDEBOOK OR INSPIRATION
- 00:43:54.379 --> 00:43:56.715
- GUIDEBOOK OR INSPIRATION TO MONKS ALL OVER THE WORLD.
- 00:43:56.781 --> 00:44:00.285
- - JERRY: HE WAS SO MUCH
- 00:44:01.519 --> 00:44:02.420
- - JERRY: HE WAS SO MUCH INTO THE SPIRITUAL SIDE OF
- 00:44:02.487 --> 00:44:04.155
- INTO THE SPIRITUAL SIDE OF THINGS, THAT WHEN THE
- 00:44:04.222 --> 00:44:07.525
- THINGS, THAT WHEN THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE WROTE
- 00:44:07.592 --> 00:44:08.727
- EMPEROR CONSTANTINE WROTE HIM, HE WASN'T EVEN GOING TO
- 00:44:08.793 --> 00:44:10.962
- HIM, HE WASN'T EVEN GOING TO WRITE HIM BACK, AND HE
- 00:44:11.029 --> 00:44:11.963
- WRITE HIM BACK, AND HE ENDED UP BASICALLY
- 00:44:12.030 --> 00:44:12.731
- ENDED UP BASICALLY CHASTISING THEM FOR FOCUSING
- 00:44:12.797 --> 00:44:14.032
- CHASTISING THEM FOR FOCUSING ON THINGS OF THE WORLD.
- 00:44:14.099 --> 00:44:20.071
- - JUSTO: BUT THEN YOU
- 00:44:23.341 --> 00:44:23.842
- - JUSTO: BUT THEN YOU HAVE MONKS WHO BECOME THE
- 00:44:23.908 --> 00:44:26.411
- HAVE MONKS WHO BECOME THE PEOPLE WHO COPY SCRIPTURES
- 00:44:26.478 --> 00:44:27.712
- PEOPLE WHO COPY SCRIPTURES AND OTHER DOCUMENTS.
- 00:44:27.779 --> 00:44:29.180
- AND OTHER DOCUMENTS. THEY ARE THE ONES WHO
- 00:44:29.247 --> 00:44:30.281
- THEY ARE THE ONES WHO TRANSMIT THE KNOWLEDGE OF
- 00:44:30.348 --> 00:44:31.149
- TRANSMIT THE KNOWLEDGE OF ANTIQUITY AND THE
- 00:44:31.216 --> 00:44:32.150
- ANTIQUITY AND THE SCRIPTURE IT'S ON.
- 00:44:32.217 --> 00:44:34.986
- SCRIPTURE IT'S ON. [MUSIC]
- 00:44:35.053 --> 00:44:38.823
- [MUSIC] - CATHERINE: IF YOU READ
- 00:44:38.890 --> 00:44:40.291
- - CATHERINE: IF YOU READ THE NEW TESTAMENT,
- 00:44:40.358 --> 00:44:40.792
- THE NEW TESTAMENT, PARTICULARLY THE BOOK OF
- 00:44:40.859 --> 00:44:41.726
- PARTICULARLY THE BOOK OF ACTS AND PASTORAL EPISTLES,
- 00:44:41.793 --> 00:44:42.594
- ACTS AND PASTORAL EPISTLES, WOMEN HAD A ROLE.
- 00:44:42.660 --> 00:44:46.698
- WOMEN HAD A ROLE. THEY WERE THE ONES WHO DID
- 00:44:46.765 --> 00:44:47.332
- THEY WERE THE ONES WHO DID A LOT OF THE CARE FOR THE SICK.
- 00:44:47.398 --> 00:44:48.900
- A LOT OF THE CARE FOR THE SICK. THEY ALSO, IF THE CHURCH
- 00:44:48.967 --> 00:44:50.735
- THEY ALSO, IF THE CHURCH PICKED UP ABANDONED BABIES,
- 00:44:50.802 --> 00:44:52.403
- PICKED UP ABANDONED BABIES, THEY WERE PART OF THE GROUP
- 00:44:52.470 --> 00:44:55.607
- THEY WERE PART OF THE GROUP THAT HELPED TO RAISE THEM.
- 00:44:55.673 --> 00:44:56.341
- THAT HELPED TO RAISE THEM. IN THE SECOND CENTURY, WE
- 00:44:56.407 --> 00:44:58.042
- IN THE SECOND CENTURY, WE KNOW THAT THEY WERE
- 00:44:58.109 --> 00:44:59.177
- KNOW THAT THEY WERE INVOLVED IN THE
- 00:44:59.244 --> 00:45:00.111
- INVOLVED IN THE CATECHUMENATE FOR WOMEN.
- 00:45:00.178 --> 00:45:01.546
- CATECHUMENATE FOR WOMEN. IT WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN
- 00:45:01.613 --> 00:45:02.113
- IT WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN THINKABLE FOR THAT TO BE
- 00:45:02.180 --> 00:45:04.482
- THINKABLE FOR THAT TO BE TAUGHT BY MEN.
- 00:45:04.549 --> 00:45:10.622
- - CATHERINE: THE
- 00:45:12.257 --> 00:45:12.690
- - CATHERINE: THE CONSECRATION OF DEACONESS,
- 00:45:12.757 --> 00:45:13.324
- CONSECRATION OF DEACONESS, THIS OCCURS CLEARLY IN THE
- 00:45:13.391 --> 00:45:14.025
- THIS OCCURS CLEARLY IN THE SECOND CENTURY, WHICH GAVE
- 00:45:14.092 --> 00:45:15.393
- SECOND CENTURY, WHICH GAVE THEM A LITTLE MORE
- 00:45:15.460 --> 00:45:16.327
- THEM A LITTLE MORE AUTHORITY, A LITTLE MORE--
- 00:45:16.394 --> 00:45:17.262
- AUTHORITY, A LITTLE MORE-- A KIND OF WAY INTO THE
- 00:45:17.328 --> 00:45:18.797
- A KIND OF WAY INTO THE MORE HIERARCHICAL
- 00:45:18.863 --> 00:45:19.931
- MORE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE.
- 00:45:19.998 --> 00:45:21.366
- STRUCTURE. THEY WERE ACTIVE IN THE
- 00:45:21.432 --> 00:45:22.400
- THEY WERE ACTIVE IN THE SOCIETY.
- 00:45:22.467 --> 00:45:23.268
- SOCIETY. THEY WERE OUT, DOING
- 00:45:23.334 --> 00:45:23.935
- THEY WERE OUT, DOING THINGS.
- 00:45:24.002 --> 00:45:27.605
- - CATHERINE: WHEN
- 00:45:28.206 --> 00:45:28.706
- - CATHERINE: WHEN MONASTICISM BEGAN,
- 00:45:28.773 --> 00:45:29.674
- MONASTICISM BEGAN, ESPECIALLY AFTER
- 00:45:29.741 --> 00:45:31.509
- ESPECIALLY AFTER CONSTANTINE, MANY IN THE
- 00:45:31.576 --> 00:45:33.444
- CONSTANTINE, MANY IN THE LOCAL CHURCH SAY,
- 00:45:33.511 --> 00:45:35.146
- LOCAL CHURCH SAY, "WHAT ARE THESE WOMEN
- 00:45:35.213 --> 00:45:35.747
- "WHAT ARE THESE WOMEN DOING HERE?"
- 00:45:35.814 --> 00:45:37.348
- DOING HERE?" I MEAN, THE CATECHUMENATE
- 00:45:37.415 --> 00:45:37.982
- I MEAN, THE CATECHUMENATE IS DYING.
- 00:45:38.049 --> 00:45:39.951
- IS DYING. YOU WEREN'T HAVING
- 00:45:40.018 --> 00:45:40.518
- YOU WEREN'T HAVING CHILDREN ABANDONED.
- 00:45:40.585 --> 00:45:41.619
- CHILDREN ABANDONED. THAT'S ONE THING THAT THE
- 00:45:41.686 --> 00:45:42.620
- THAT'S ONE THING THAT THE CHURCH DID GET RID OF
- 00:45:42.687 --> 00:45:43.888
- CHURCH DID GET RID OF FAIRLY QUICKLY.
- 00:45:43.955 --> 00:45:44.589
- FAIRLY QUICKLY. SO THEY WERE, IN A SENSE,
- 00:45:44.656 --> 00:45:46.057
- SO THEY WERE, IN A SENSE, FORCED OUT TO THE DESERT
- 00:45:46.124 --> 00:45:48.126
- FORCED OUT TO THE DESERT TO PARALLEL WHAT WAS
- 00:45:48.193 --> 00:45:50.128
- TO PARALLEL WHAT WAS HAPPENING WITH THE MEN.
- 00:45:50.195 --> 00:45:51.896
- HAPPENING WITH THE MEN. THAT MEANT THAT THEIR
- 00:45:51.963 --> 00:45:52.931
- THAT MEANT THAT THEIR MINISTRY WAS NO LONGER
- 00:45:52.997 --> 00:45:54.732
- MINISTRY WAS NO LONGER CONSIDERED NECESSARY IN
- 00:45:54.799 --> 00:45:55.900
- CONSIDERED NECESSARY IN THE LOCAL CHURCH, AND IT
- 00:45:55.967 --> 00:45:56.734
- THE LOCAL CHURCH, AND IT WAS TAKEN OUT, AND THEY
- 00:45:56.801 --> 00:45:57.836
- WAS TAKEN OUT, AND THEY WERE NOW CLOISTERED.
- 00:45:57.902 --> 00:46:02.173
- - CATHERINE: FOR
- 00:46:03.141 --> 00:46:05.043
- - CATHERINE: FOR CENTURIES, IN A SENSE, THE
- 00:46:05.109 --> 00:46:07.846
- CENTURIES, IN A SENSE, THE VOCATION OF A WOMAN NO
- 00:46:07.912 --> 00:46:09.214
- VOCATION OF A WOMAN NO LONGER COULD BE ANY FORM
- 00:46:09.280 --> 00:46:10.281
- LONGER COULD BE ANY FORM OF MINISTRY IN A LOCAL
- 00:46:10.348 --> 00:46:11.382
- OF MINISTRY IN A LOCAL CHURCH, BUT THEY'RE ALWAYS
- 00:46:11.449 --> 00:46:13.051
- CHURCH, BUT THEY'RE ALWAYS PUSHING AGAINST SIMPLY
- 00:46:13.117 --> 00:46:14.185
- PUSHING AGAINST SIMPLY BEING CLOISTERED EXCEPT
- 00:46:14.252 --> 00:46:16.621
- BEING CLOISTERED EXCEPT FOR A FEW REALLY
- 00:46:16.688 --> 00:46:17.689
- FOR A FEW REALLY CLOISTERED ORDERS THAT
- 00:46:17.755 --> 00:46:18.857
- CLOISTERED ORDERS THAT WANT TO BE.
- 00:46:18.923 --> 00:46:21.960
- - JUSTO: THE MONASTERIES
- 00:46:22.760 --> 00:46:23.328
- - JUSTO: THE MONASTERIES BECOME SCHOOLS.
- 00:46:23.394 --> 00:46:24.128
- BECOME SCHOOLS. THE MONASTERIES BECOME
- 00:46:24.195 --> 00:46:24.996
- THE MONASTERIES BECOME CENTERS OF MISSION.
- 00:46:25.063 --> 00:46:28.466
- ♪
- 00:46:29.033 --> 00:46:34.505
- ♪ ♪
- 00:46:34.572 --> 00:46:41.112
- - STANLEY: THIS WAS ALSO
- 00:46:41.779 --> 00:46:42.347
- - STANLEY: THIS WAS ALSO A TIME OF GREAT
- 00:46:42.413 --> 00:46:43.047
- A TIME OF GREAT THEOLOGICAL DEBATE WITHIN
- 00:46:43.114 --> 00:46:43.681
- THEOLOGICAL DEBATE WITHIN THE CHURCH OVER THE NATURE
- 00:46:43.748 --> 00:46:44.649
- THE CHURCH OVER THE NATURE OF THE GODHEAD, AND YOU
- 00:46:44.716 --> 00:46:46.117
- OF THE GODHEAD, AND YOU HAD THROUGH THIS TRADITION
- 00:46:46.184 --> 00:46:48.486
- HAD THROUGH THIS TRADITION THAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE
- 00:46:48.553 --> 00:46:49.087
- THAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE ARIANS, THOSE WHO FOLLOWED
- 00:46:49.153 --> 00:46:50.688
- ARIANS, THOSE WHO FOLLOWED ARIUS, WHO POSITED THAT
- 00:46:50.755 --> 00:46:54.158
- ARIUS, WHO POSITED THAT GOD IS ONE AND THAT
- 00:46:54.225 --> 00:46:56.394
- GOD IS ONE AND THAT JESUS CHRIST WAS A HUMAN
- 00:46:56.461 --> 00:46:57.462
- JESUS CHRIST WAS A HUMAN ADOPTED BY GOD, GIVEN, IF
- 00:46:57.528 --> 00:46:58.930
- ADOPTED BY GOD, GIVEN, IF YOU WILL, KIND OF SEMIDIVINE
- 00:46:58.997 --> 00:46:59.898
- YOU WILL, KIND OF SEMIDIVINE STATUS AND POSITION,
- 00:46:59.964 --> 00:47:05.203
- STATUS AND POSITION, AND A ROLE OF REDEMPTION,
- 00:47:05.270 --> 00:47:05.837
- AND A ROLE OF REDEMPTION, BUT NOT A FULL TRIUNE FUNCTION.
- 00:47:05.904 --> 00:47:11.643
- BUT NOT A FULL TRIUNE FUNCTION. - STANLEY: AND THEN YOU
- 00:47:11.709 --> 00:47:12.243
- - STANLEY: AND THEN YOU HAD THOSE WHO REPRESENTED
- 00:47:12.310 --> 00:47:13.111
- HAD THOSE WHO REPRESENTED THAT GOD IS THREE, THE
- 00:47:13.177 --> 00:47:14.746
- THAT GOD IS THREE, THE NOTION OF THE TRINITY.
- 00:47:14.812 --> 00:47:16.848
- NOTION OF THE TRINITY. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS
- 00:47:16.915 --> 00:47:18.516
- THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF THE
- 00:47:18.583 --> 00:47:19.250
- CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY IS SOMETHING THAT
- 00:47:19.317 --> 00:47:21.819
- TRINITY IS SOMETHING THAT GROWS SLOWLY OVER THE
- 00:47:21.886 --> 00:47:24.055
- GROWS SLOWLY OVER THE COURSE OF SEVERAL CENTURIES.
- 00:47:24.122 --> 00:47:27.325
- COURSE OF SEVERAL CENTURIES. THERE ARE CERTAINLY EARLY
- 00:47:27.392 --> 00:47:27.959
- THERE ARE CERTAINLY EARLY INDICATIONS OF IT, BUT
- 00:47:28.026 --> 00:47:29.060
- INDICATIONS OF IT, BUT IT'S NOT A CLEAR AND
- 00:47:29.127 --> 00:47:30.128
- IT'S NOT A CLEAR AND OBVIOUS PATTERN FROM THE
- 00:47:30.194 --> 00:47:32.063
- OBVIOUS PATTERN FROM THE VERY FIRST.
- 00:47:32.130 --> 00:47:33.598
- VERY FIRST. WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL NOT
- 00:47:33.665 --> 00:47:34.232
- WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL NOT TO READ BACK IN.
- 00:47:34.299 --> 00:47:38.303
- - STANLEY: BUT THEN YOU
- 00:47:39.237 --> 00:47:39.771
- - STANLEY: BUT THEN YOU HAVE CONSTANTINE CALLING
- 00:47:39.837 --> 00:47:40.805
- HAVE CONSTANTINE CALLING THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA.
- 00:47:40.872 --> 00:47:44.909
- THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA. NOW, ALMOST ALL CHRISTIAN
- 00:47:44.976 --> 00:47:45.543
- NOW, ALMOST ALL CHRISTIAN CHURCHES TO THIS DAY,
- 00:47:45.610 --> 00:47:46.644
- CHURCHES TO THIS DAY, WHETHER THEY KNOW IT OR NOT,
- 00:47:46.711 --> 00:47:47.312
- WHETHER THEY KNOW IT OR NOT, ARE DEPENDENT UPON THIS
- 00:47:47.378 --> 00:47:49.781
- ARE DEPENDENT UPON THIS COUNCIL AND USE THE CREED
- 00:47:49.847 --> 00:47:51.282
- COUNCIL AND USE THE CREED OF NICAEA.
- 00:47:51.349 --> 00:47:52.750
- OF NICAEA. IT'S A FUNDAMENTAL,
- 00:47:52.817 --> 00:47:53.451
- IT'S A FUNDAMENTAL, DEFINING CREED IN THE LIFE
- 00:47:53.518 --> 00:47:54.719
- DEFINING CREED IN THE LIFE AND A COMMUNITY, THE CHURCH.
- 00:47:54.786 --> 00:47:57.789
- - CHILDREN: I BELIEVE IN
- 00:47:58.456 --> 00:47:59.023
- - CHILDREN: I BELIEVE IN ONE GOD, THE FATHER
- 00:47:59.090 --> 00:48:00.291
- ONE GOD, THE FATHER ALMIGHTY, MAKER OF HEAVEN
- 00:48:00.358 --> 00:48:03.294
- ALMIGHTY, MAKER OF HEAVEN AND EARTH, OF ALL THINGS
- 00:48:03.361 --> 00:48:04.295
- AND EARTH, OF ALL THINGS VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE.
- 00:48:04.362 --> 00:48:06.764
- VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE. I BELIEVE IN ONE LORD,
- 00:48:06.831 --> 00:48:09.934
- I BELIEVE IN ONE LORD, JESUS CHRIST, THE ONLY
- 00:48:10.001 --> 00:48:10.835
- JESUS CHRIST, THE ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD, BORN
- 00:48:10.902 --> 00:48:12.704
- BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD, BORN OF THE FATHER BEFORE ALL
- 00:48:12.770 --> 00:48:13.972
- OF THE FATHER BEFORE ALL AGES, GOD FROM GOD, LIGHT
- 00:48:14.038 --> 00:48:16.774
- AGES, GOD FROM GOD, LIGHT FROM LIGHT, TRUE GOD FROM
- 00:48:16.841 --> 00:48:19.210
- FROM LIGHT, TRUE GOD FROM TRUE GOD, BEGOTTEN, NOT MADE.
- 00:48:19.277 --> 00:48:23.014
- - DENNIS: IN A.D. 330,
- 00:48:24.816 --> 00:48:25.750
- - DENNIS: IN A.D. 330, CONSTANTINE MOVED THE
- 00:48:25.817 --> 00:48:27.418
- CONSTANTINE MOVED THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE TO
- 00:48:27.485 --> 00:48:28.486
- CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE TO BYZANTIUM AND RENAMED THE
- 00:48:28.553 --> 00:48:30.121
- BYZANTIUM AND RENAMED THE CITY CONSTANTINOPLE,
- 00:48:30.188 --> 00:48:32.357
- CITY CONSTANTINOPLE, MODERN-DAY ISTANBUL IN THE
- 00:48:32.423 --> 00:48:34.459
- MODERN-DAY ISTANBUL IN THE COUNTRY OF TURKEY.
- 00:48:34.525 --> 00:48:36.561
- COUNTRY OF TURKEY. AND IN A.D. 337,
- 00:48:36.627 --> 00:48:37.962
- AND IN A.D. 337, THE FIRST CHRISTIAN
- 00:48:38.029 --> 00:48:39.197
- THE FIRST CHRISTIAN EMPEROR, IN THE KNOWLEDGE
- 00:48:39.263 --> 00:48:41.032
- EMPEROR, IN THE KNOWLEDGE THAT HE WAS DYING OF AN
- 00:48:41.099 --> 00:48:41.899
- THAT HE WAS DYING OF AN ILLNESS WAS FINALLY BAPTIZED.
- 00:48:41.966 --> 00:48:45.236
- - JERRY: THEN THERE
- 00:48:47.372 --> 00:48:48.239
- - JERRY: THEN THERE BECAME FOUR SEATS OF POWER
- 00:48:48.306 --> 00:48:50.608
- BECAME FOUR SEATS OF POWER IN CHRISTIANITY, SO YOU
- 00:48:50.675 --> 00:48:52.210
- IN CHRISTIANITY, SO YOU HAVE ROME, YOU HAVE
- 00:48:52.276 --> 00:48:53.144
- HAVE ROME, YOU HAVE ALEXANDRIA, YOU HAVE
- 00:48:53.211 --> 00:48:53.911
- ALEXANDRIA, YOU HAVE ANTIOCH, AND THEN AFTER
- 00:48:53.978 --> 00:48:55.947
- ANTIOCH, AND THEN AFTER A.D. 390,
- 00:48:56.014 --> 00:48:57.415
- A.D. 390, YOU HAD CONSTANTINOPLE.
- 00:48:57.482 --> 00:49:00.284
- - DIARMAID: ORTHODOXY IS
- 00:49:01.419 --> 00:49:02.120
- - DIARMAID: ORTHODOXY IS SOMETHING WHICH EVOLVED
- 00:49:02.186 --> 00:49:03.921
- SOMETHING WHICH EVOLVED OVER THREE OR FOUR
- 00:49:03.988 --> 00:49:05.390
- OVER THREE OR FOUR CENTURIES IN THE EARLY
- 00:49:05.456 --> 00:49:06.457
- CENTURIES IN THE EARLY STORY OF THE CHURCH.
- 00:49:06.524 --> 00:49:07.892
- STORY OF THE CHURCH. NOW, THE PEOPLE WHO CALL
- 00:49:07.959 --> 00:49:09.327
- NOW, THE PEOPLE WHO CALL THEMSELVES ORTHODOX NOW
- 00:49:09.394 --> 00:49:10.194
- THEMSELVES ORTHODOX NOW WOULD LOOK DOWN ON EARLIER
- 00:49:10.261 --> 00:49:12.363
- WOULD LOOK DOWN ON EARLIER CHRISTIANS WHO HAVE
- 00:49:12.430 --> 00:49:13.965
- CHRISTIANS WHO HAVE SURVIVED, WHO ARE NOW
- 00:49:14.032 --> 00:49:15.867
- SURVIVED, WHO ARE NOW GENERALLY CALLED THE
- 00:49:15.933 --> 00:49:17.368
- GENERALLY CALLED THE ORIENTAL ORTHODOX.
- 00:49:17.435 --> 00:49:20.304
- ORIENTAL ORTHODOX. AND AS FAR AS THE ORTHODOX
- 00:49:20.371 --> 00:49:20.938
- AND AS FAR AS THE ORTHODOX ARE CONCERNED, THEY ARE
- 00:49:21.005 --> 00:49:21.539
- ARE CONCERNED, THEY ARE UNORTHODOX.
- 00:49:21.606 --> 00:49:22.940
- UNORTHODOX. SO, YOU SEE, ORTHODOXIES
- 00:49:23.007 --> 00:49:23.541
- SO, YOU SEE, ORTHODOXIES ARE IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER.
- 00:49:23.608 --> 00:49:28.279
- ARE IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER. THE CHRISTIANITY OF THE
- 00:49:28.346 --> 00:49:28.880
- THE CHRISTIANITY OF THE PRESENT DAY IS UTTERLY
- 00:49:28.946 --> 00:49:29.914
- PRESENT DAY IS UTTERLY DIFFERENT FROM THE BEGINNING.
- 00:49:29.981 --> 00:49:34.552
- DIFFERENT FROM THE BEGINNING. IT'S UNITED BY ITS FOCUS
- 00:49:34.619 --> 00:49:36.220
- IT'S UNITED BY ITS FOCUS ON A PERSON,
- 00:49:36.287 --> 00:49:38.189
- ON A PERSON, THE PERSON OF JESUS
- 00:49:38.256 --> 00:49:39.090
- THE PERSON OF JESUS THE CHRIST.
- 00:49:39.157 --> 00:49:43.327
- ♪
- 00:49:44.162 --> 00:49:48.833
- ♪ ♪
- 00:49:48.900 --> 00:49:54.772
- - STANLEY: AS WE HAVE
- 00:49:55.339 --> 00:49:55.840
- - STANLEY: AS WE HAVE CONSTANTINE'S SUCCESSORS
- 00:49:55.907 --> 00:49:56.841
- CONSTANTINE'S SUCCESSORS MOVING ALONG AND MOVING,
- 00:49:56.908 --> 00:49:59.110
- MOVING ALONG AND MOVING, TAKING NEW STEPS.
- 00:49:59.177 --> 00:50:00.411
- TAKING NEW STEPS. AT THE SAME TIME, WE HAVE
- 00:50:00.478 --> 00:50:01.045
- AT THE SAME TIME, WE HAVE SOME OF THE EMPERORS
- 00:50:01.112 --> 00:50:01.813
- SOME OF THE EMPERORS PROCLAIMING ARIAN
- 00:50:01.879 --> 00:50:03.014
- PROCLAIMING ARIAN CHRISTIANITY, THIS
- 00:50:03.081 --> 00:50:04.549
- CHRISTIANITY, THIS ALTERNATE FORM AS THE
- 00:50:04.615 --> 00:50:05.183
- ALTERNATE FORM AS THE OFFICIAL RELIGION, SO IT'S
- 00:50:05.249 --> 00:50:06.617
- OFFICIAL RELIGION, SO IT'S NOT JUST "CHRISTIANITY IS
- 00:50:06.684 --> 00:50:07.785
- NOT JUST "CHRISTIANITY IS LEGAL, AN OFFICIAL FORM,"
- 00:50:07.852 --> 00:50:08.453
- LEGAL, AN OFFICIAL FORM," BUT IT'S "WHICH
- 00:50:08.519 --> 00:50:10.588
- BUT IT'S "WHICH CHRISTIANITY?"
- 00:50:10.655 --> 00:50:12.557
- CHRISTIANITY?" [MUSIC]
- 00:50:12.623 --> 00:50:13.291
- [MUSIC] - JONATHAN: AND YOU SEE
- 00:50:13.357 --> 00:50:13.891
- - JONATHAN: AND YOU SEE ACROSS THE FOURTH CENTURY,
- 00:50:13.958 --> 00:50:14.992
- ACROSS THE FOURTH CENTURY, THIS GROWTH OF
- 00:50:15.059 --> 00:50:15.660
- THIS GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY INTO A STATE
- 00:50:15.726 --> 00:50:16.661
- CHRISTIANITY INTO A STATE RELIGION.
- 00:50:16.727 --> 00:50:18.896
- RELIGION. [MUSIC]
- 00:50:18.963 --> 00:50:20.031
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: AND IN 386,
- 00:50:20.098 --> 00:50:21.566
- - STANLEY: AND IN 386, ANOTHER EMPEROR,
- 00:50:21.632 --> 00:50:22.400
- ANOTHER EMPEROR, THEODOSIUS THE GREAT, FOR
- 00:50:22.467 --> 00:50:23.034
- THEODOSIUS THE GREAT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, MAKES
- 00:50:23.101 --> 00:50:24.469
- THE FIRST TIME, MAKES CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL,
- 00:50:24.535 --> 00:50:26.204
- CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL, SOLE RELIGION OF THE
- 00:50:26.270 --> 00:50:27.505
- SOLE RELIGION OF THE EMPIRE.
- 00:50:27.572 --> 00:50:28.339
- EMPIRE. [MUSIC]
- 00:50:28.406 --> 00:50:29.273
- [MUSIC] - JONATHAN: IT BECOMES
- 00:50:29.340 --> 00:50:29.874
- - JONATHAN: IT BECOMES MANDATED.
- 00:50:29.941 --> 00:50:30.641
- MANDATED. IT BECOMES EXPECTED THAT
- 00:50:30.708 --> 00:50:31.576
- IT BECOMES EXPECTED THAT PEOPLE SHOULD BE
- 00:50:31.642 --> 00:50:32.844
- PEOPLE SHOULD BE CHRISTIANS, AND, OF
- 00:50:32.910 --> 00:50:33.377
- CHRISTIANS, AND, OF COURSE, SOME OF THE
- 00:50:33.444 --> 00:50:35.379
- COURSE, SOME OF THE CHRISTIANS WOULD SAY,
- 00:50:35.446 --> 00:50:36.214
- CHRISTIANS WOULD SAY, "THIS IS A VERY BAD
- 00:50:36.280 --> 00:50:37.115
- "THIS IS A VERY BAD THING," THAT CHRISTIANITY
- 00:50:37.181 --> 00:50:38.683
- THING," THAT CHRISTIANITY IS NOT A RELIGION TO BE
- 00:50:38.749 --> 00:50:39.550
- IS NOT A RELIGION TO BE IMPOSED UPON PEOPLE.
- 00:50:39.617 --> 00:50:41.252
- IMPOSED UPON PEOPLE. [MUSIC]
- 00:50:41.319 --> 00:50:44.555
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: BEING A
- 00:50:44.622 --> 00:50:45.123
- - STANLEY: BEING A CHRISTIAN IS TIED IN WITH
- 00:50:45.189 --> 00:50:46.224
- CHRISTIAN IS TIED IN WITH POLITICAL LEADERSHIP.
- 00:50:46.290 --> 00:50:47.859
- POLITICAL LEADERSHIP. IT IS TIED INTO IMPERIAL
- 00:50:47.925 --> 00:50:48.559
- IT IS TIED INTO IMPERIAL RULE.
- 00:50:48.626 --> 00:50:51.395
- RULE. SO IT'S INTO THIS CONTEXT
- 00:50:51.462 --> 00:50:52.029
- SO IT'S INTO THIS CONTEXT THAT THIS YOUNG MAN IN
- 00:50:52.096 --> 00:50:52.930
- THAT THIS YOUNG MAN IN NORTH AFRICA, AUGUSTINE
- 00:50:52.997 --> 00:50:56.434
- NORTH AFRICA, AUGUSTINE IS BORN.
- 00:50:56.501 --> 00:50:58.603
- IS BORN. - JUSTO: HIS MOTHER WANTS
- 00:50:58.669 --> 00:51:00.605
- - JUSTO: HIS MOTHER WANTS HIM TO BE A CHRISTIAN LIKE
- 00:51:00.671 --> 00:51:01.239
- HIM TO BE A CHRISTIAN LIKE SHE IS, BUT SHE ALSO WANTS
- 00:51:01.305 --> 00:51:03.307
- SHE IS, BUT SHE ALSO WANTS HIM TO BE A ROMAN LIKE HIS
- 00:51:03.374 --> 00:51:04.642
- HIM TO BE A ROMAN LIKE HIS FATHER IS BECAUSE THAT'S
- 00:51:04.709 --> 00:51:06.110
- FATHER IS BECAUSE THAT'S THE WAY UP IN SOCIETY.
- 00:51:06.177 --> 00:51:08.346
- THE WAY UP IN SOCIETY. [MUSIC]
- 00:51:08.412 --> 00:51:11.115
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: AUGUSTINE
- 00:51:11.182 --> 00:51:11.816
- - STANLEY: AUGUSTINE IMPLICITLY HAD THIS NOTION
- 00:51:11.883 --> 00:51:13.184
- IMPLICITLY HAD THIS NOTION THAT GOD MUST BE GOOD, AND
- 00:51:13.251 --> 00:51:14.585
- THAT GOD MUST BE GOOD, AND THE GOD THAT HE SAW
- 00:51:14.652 --> 00:51:15.419
- THE GOD THAT HE SAW PRESENTED TO HIM DID NOT
- 00:51:15.486 --> 00:51:16.487
- PRESENTED TO HIM DID NOT MAKE ANY SENSE.
- 00:51:16.554 --> 00:51:17.255
- MAKE ANY SENSE. SO AUGUSTINE AS A TEENAGER
- 00:51:17.321 --> 00:51:18.756
- SO AUGUSTINE AS A TEENAGER LEAVES THE CHURCH, AND HE
- 00:51:18.823 --> 00:51:21.859
- LEAVES THE CHURCH, AND HE GOES UP TO MILAN WHERE THE
- 00:51:21.926 --> 00:51:22.727
- GOES UP TO MILAN WHERE THE IMPERIAL COURT WAS BASED.
- 00:51:22.793 --> 00:51:24.295
- IMPERIAL COURT WAS BASED. HE COMES UNDER THE INFLUENCE
- 00:51:24.362 --> 00:51:27.598
- HE COMES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE BISHOP OF MILAN, AMBROSE.
- 00:51:27.665 --> 00:51:29.567
- OF THE BISHOP OF MILAN, AMBROSE. - MALE NARRATOR
- 00:51:29.634 --> 00:51:32.170
- - MALE NARRATOR (AUGUSTINE): I BEGAN TO
- 00:51:32.236 --> 00:51:34.839
- (AUGUSTINE): I BEGAN TO LOVE AMBROSE, OF COURSE,
- 00:51:34.906 --> 00:51:36.841
- LOVE AMBROSE, OF COURSE, NOT AT THE FIRST AS A
- 00:51:36.908 --> 00:51:40.278
- NOT AT THE FIRST AS A TEACHER OF THE TRUTH, FOR
- 00:51:40.344 --> 00:51:42.180
- TEACHER OF THE TRUTH, FOR I HAD ENTIRELY DESPAIRED
- 00:51:42.246 --> 00:51:43.848
- I HAD ENTIRELY DESPAIRED OF FINDING THAT IN
- 00:51:43.915 --> 00:51:46.083
- OF FINDING THAT IN THE CHURCH.
- 00:51:46.150 --> 00:51:49.720
- THE CHURCH. AND WHILE I OPEN MY HEART
- 00:51:49.787 --> 00:51:51.956
- AND WHILE I OPEN MY HEART TO ACKNOWLEDGE HOW
- 00:51:52.023 --> 00:51:52.990
- TO ACKNOWLEDGE HOW SKILLFULLY HE SPOKE, THERE
- 00:51:53.057 --> 00:51:54.692
- SKILLFULLY HE SPOKE, THERE ALSO CAME AN AWARENESS OF
- 00:51:54.759 --> 00:51:58.095
- ALSO CAME AN AWARENESS OF HOW TRULY HE SPOKE."
- 00:51:58.162 --> 00:52:02.767
- HOW TRULY HE SPOKE." - STANLEY: AND THEN IT'S
- 00:52:02.833 --> 00:52:04.235
- - STANLEY: AND THEN IT'S DURING THIS TIME HE BEGINS
- 00:52:04.302 --> 00:52:04.869
- DURING THIS TIME HE BEGINS TO RETHINK OF EVIL AS A
- 00:52:04.936 --> 00:52:05.469
- TO RETHINK OF EVIL AS A KIND OF CORROSION OR
- 00:52:05.536 --> 00:52:06.103
- KIND OF CORROSION OR CORRUPTION.
- 00:52:06.170 --> 00:52:07.672
- CORRUPTION. IT'S A TWISTING.
- 00:52:07.738 --> 00:52:08.439
- IT'S A TWISTING. IT'S AN UNMAKING.
- 00:52:08.506 --> 00:52:10.441
- IT'S AN UNMAKING. GOD MAKES SOMETHING OUT OF
- 00:52:10.508 --> 00:52:11.409
- GOD MAKES SOMETHING OUT OF NOTHING.
- 00:52:11.475 --> 00:52:12.476
- NOTHING. WHAT EVIL IS, IS THIS
- 00:52:12.543 --> 00:52:13.978
- WHAT EVIL IS, IS THIS MAKING OF NOTHING OUT OF
- 00:52:14.045 --> 00:52:15.012
- MAKING OF NOTHING OUT OF SOMETHING.
- 00:52:15.079 --> 00:52:17.114
- SOMETHING. [MUSIC]
- 00:52:17.181 --> 00:52:24.655
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: SO HE'S
- 00:52:24.722 --> 00:52:25.623
- - STANLEY: SO HE'S ACTUALLY GOING THROUGH
- 00:52:25.690 --> 00:52:26.857
- ACTUALLY GOING THROUGH NORTH AFRICA ON A, KIND
- 00:52:26.924 --> 00:52:27.825
- NORTH AFRICA ON A, KIND OF, SPEAKING TOUR,
- 00:52:27.892 --> 00:52:28.826
- OF, SPEAKING TOUR, IF YOU WILL.
- 00:52:28.893 --> 00:52:29.594
- IF YOU WILL. WHILE THERE, HE'S IN
- 00:52:29.660 --> 00:52:30.595
- WHILE THERE, HE'S IN HIPPO, AND HIPPO'S PRIEST
- 00:52:30.661 --> 00:52:31.329
- HIPPO, AND HIPPO'S PRIEST HAS RECENTLY DIED, AND HE
- 00:52:31.395 --> 00:52:32.263
- HAS RECENTLY DIED, AND HE IS FORCIBLY GRABBED AND
- 00:52:32.330 --> 00:52:33.998
- IS FORCIBLY GRABBED AND MADE A PRIEST AGAINST
- 00:52:34.065 --> 00:52:35.633
- MADE A PRIEST AGAINST HIS WILL.
- 00:52:35.700 --> 00:52:38.269
- HIS WILL. THIS HAPPENED SOMETIMES IN
- 00:52:38.336 --> 00:52:39.003
- THIS HAPPENED SOMETIMES IN ANCIENT WORLD.
- 00:52:39.070 --> 00:52:41.339
- ANCIENT WORLD. [MUSIC]
- 00:52:41.405 --> 00:52:43.040
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: AND SHORTLY
- 00:52:43.107 --> 00:52:43.641
- - STANLEY: AND SHORTLY THEREAFTER, HE'S MADE A
- 00:52:43.708 --> 00:52:44.609
- THEREAFTER, HE'S MADE A CO-BISHOP, AND THEN
- 00:52:44.675 --> 00:52:45.610
- CO-BISHOP, AND THEN BISHOP IN HIPPO, IN
- 00:52:45.676 --> 00:52:47.044
- BISHOP IN HIPPO, IN NORTH AFRICA.
- 00:52:47.111 --> 00:52:49.647
- NORTH AFRICA. HE HAD A WORLDWIDE
- 00:52:49.714 --> 00:52:50.648
- HE HAD A WORLDWIDE REPUTATION, AT THIS POINT,
- 00:52:50.715 --> 00:52:51.716
- REPUTATION, AT THIS POINT, OR EMPIRE-WIDE REPUTATION
- 00:52:51.782 --> 00:52:52.550
- OR EMPIRE-WIDE REPUTATION IS GROWING.
- 00:52:52.617 --> 00:52:53.851
- IS GROWING. HE'S A KNOWN PERSON.
- 00:52:53.918 --> 00:52:55.453
- HE'S A KNOWN PERSON. [MUSIC]
- 00:52:55.519 --> 00:52:59.023
- [MUSIC] - JUSTO: HE SOON BECOMES
- 00:52:59.090 --> 00:53:00.191
- - JUSTO: HE SOON BECOMES RESPECTED BY MANY, MANY OF
- 00:53:00.258 --> 00:53:01.892
- RESPECTED BY MANY, MANY OF HIS COLLEAGUES, AND HIS
- 00:53:01.959 --> 00:53:02.860
- HIS COLLEAGUES, AND HIS WRITING BEGINS CIRCULATING AND
- 00:53:02.927 --> 00:53:05.229
- WRITING BEGINS CIRCULATING AND SO ON.
- 00:53:05.296 --> 00:53:06.330
- SO ON. THOSE WRITINGS BECAME THE
- 00:53:06.397 --> 00:53:06.998
- THOSE WRITINGS BECAME THE STANDARD INTERPRETATION OF
- 00:53:07.064 --> 00:53:09.767
- STANDARD INTERPRETATION OF PAUL THAT THE WESTERN
- 00:53:09.834 --> 00:53:11.135
- PAUL THAT THE WESTERN CHURCH RECEIVED, AND
- 00:53:11.202 --> 00:53:12.603
- CHURCH RECEIVED, AND THAT'S WHY, WHEN YOU COME
- 00:53:12.670 --> 00:53:15.273
- THAT'S WHY, WHEN YOU COME TO THE 16TH CENTURY
- 00:53:15.339 --> 00:53:16.407
- TO THE 16TH CENTURY THROUGH THE REFORMATION,
- 00:53:16.474 --> 00:53:17.408
- THROUGH THE REFORMATION, BOTH PROTESTANT AND
- 00:53:17.475 --> 00:53:21.312
- BOTH PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC'S CLAIM OTHER THING.
- 00:53:21.379 --> 00:53:24.815
- CATHOLIC'S CLAIM OTHER THING. - JUSTO: IT'S IMPORTANT
- 00:53:24.882 --> 00:53:25.449
- - JUSTO: IT'S IMPORTANT BECAUSE HE LIVED RIGHT AT
- 00:53:25.516 --> 00:53:26.150
- BECAUSE HE LIVED RIGHT AT THE END OF AN ERA.
- 00:53:26.217 --> 00:53:29.987
- THE END OF AN ERA. - STANLEY: ROME HAS
- 00:53:30.054 --> 00:53:30.655
- - STANLEY: ROME HAS EXPENDED A GREAT DEAL OF
- 00:53:30.721 --> 00:53:32.089
- EXPENDED A GREAT DEAL OF MONEY OVER THE COURSE OF
- 00:53:32.156 --> 00:53:35.192
- MONEY OVER THE COURSE OF THE 4TH CENTURY.
- 00:53:35.259 --> 00:53:35.893
- THE 4TH CENTURY. IT HAS EXHAUSTED ITS
- 00:53:35.960 --> 00:53:37.828
- IT HAS EXHAUSTED ITS RESOURCES, AND IT HAS MANY
- 00:53:37.895 --> 00:53:38.562
- RESOURCES, AND IT HAS MANY WARS, AND IT HAS
- 00:53:38.629 --> 00:53:39.497
- WARS, AND IT HAS INSUFFICIENT NUMBER OF
- 00:53:39.563 --> 00:53:40.731
- INSUFFICIENT NUMBER OF SOLDIERS, AND THEY BEGIN
- 00:53:40.798 --> 00:53:42.533
- SOLDIERS, AND THEY BEGIN DOING WHAT MANY OTHERS
- 00:53:42.600 --> 00:53:43.701
- DOING WHAT MANY OTHERS HAVE DONE OVER TIME: THEY
- 00:53:43.768 --> 00:53:44.735
- HAVE DONE OVER TIME: THEY HIRE MERCENARIES.
- 00:53:44.802 --> 00:53:47.138
- HIRE MERCENARIES. THE ROMAN LEADERSHIP
- 00:53:47.204 --> 00:53:47.672
- THE ROMAN LEADERSHIP DIDN'T COUNT ON ONE
- 00:53:47.738 --> 00:53:48.706
- DIDN'T COUNT ON ONE IMPORTANT THING: THAT IS,
- 00:53:48.773 --> 00:53:50.107
- IMPORTANT THING: THAT IS, IF YOU HAVE MERCENARIES,
- 00:53:50.174 --> 00:53:51.042
- IF YOU HAVE MERCENARIES, YOU NEED TO PAY THEM, AND
- 00:53:51.108 --> 00:53:51.942
- YOU NEED TO PAY THEM, AND IF YOU DON'T PAY THEM,
- 00:53:52.009 --> 00:53:52.777
- IF YOU DON'T PAY THEM, THEY'VE GOT THE TOOLS TO REACT.
- 00:53:52.843 --> 00:53:58.282
- THEY'VE GOT THE TOOLS TO REACT. BUT THERE'S ANOTHER INTERESTING
- 00:53:58.349 --> 00:53:59.016
- BUT THERE'S ANOTHER INTERESTING PART OF IT.
- 00:53:59.083 --> 00:54:00.685
- PART OF IT. THESE MERCENARIES WERE ALL
- 00:54:00.751 --> 00:54:01.319
- THESE MERCENARIES WERE ALL ARIAN CHRISTIANS, GOTHIC
- 00:54:01.385 --> 00:54:02.353
- ARIAN CHRISTIANS, GOTHIC TRIBES WHO HAVE COME DOWN
- 00:54:02.420 --> 00:54:03.988
- TRIBES WHO HAVE COME DOWN OUT OF THE NORTH, SO THEY
- 00:54:04.055 --> 00:54:05.022
- OUT OF THE NORTH, SO THEY REPRESENTED A GROWING
- 00:54:05.089 --> 00:54:06.524
- REPRESENTED A GROWING POSITION OF HERESY, AND
- 00:54:06.590 --> 00:54:07.558
- POSITION OF HERESY, AND YOU HAVE ROMAN LEADERSHIP
- 00:54:07.625 --> 00:54:09.760
- YOU HAVE ROMAN LEADERSHIP REPRESENTING CHRISTIANITY
- 00:54:09.827 --> 00:54:11.195
- REPRESENTING CHRISTIANITY OF THE NICAEAN CREED, AND
- 00:54:11.262 --> 00:54:13.497
- OF THE NICAEAN CREED, AND THEY DO SOMETHING IN 410
- 00:54:13.564 --> 00:54:14.699
- THEY DO SOMETHING IN 410 THAT WAS UNHEARD OF,
- 00:54:14.765 --> 00:54:18.302
- THAT WAS UNHEARD OF, INCONCEIVABLE TO THE ROMAN
- 00:54:18.369 --> 00:54:19.737
- INCONCEIVABLE TO THE ROMAN MIND.
- 00:54:19.804 --> 00:54:22.707
- MIND. THEY SACK ROME.
- 00:54:22.773 --> 00:54:25.509
- [DYNAMIC MUSIC PLAYING]
- 00:54:26.143 --> 00:54:32.850
- - DIARMAID: THE CHRISTIAN
- 00:54:33.517 --> 00:54:34.085
- - DIARMAID: THE CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP HAD INVESTED SO
- 00:54:34.151 --> 00:54:34.852
- LEADERSHIP HAD INVESTED SO MUCH IN THE IDEA THAT GOD
- 00:54:34.919 --> 00:54:36.387
- MUCH IN THE IDEA THAT GOD WAS ON THE SIDE OF THE
- 00:54:36.454 --> 00:54:38.723
- WAS ON THE SIDE OF THE EMPIRE, AND SUDDENLY, IT
- 00:54:38.789 --> 00:54:40.691
- EMPIRE, AND SUDDENLY, IT SEEMED AS IF THE EMPIRE
- 00:54:40.758 --> 00:54:41.992
- SEEMED AS IF THE EMPIRE WAS COLLAPSING.
- 00:54:42.059 --> 00:54:44.929
- WAS COLLAPSING. - STANLEY: YOU HAVE
- 00:54:44.995 --> 00:54:46.063
- - STANLEY: YOU HAVE ROMAN CHRISTIANS BESIEGED
- 00:54:46.130 --> 00:54:47.498
- ROMAN CHRISTIANS BESIEGED BY ARIAN CHRISTIANS.
- 00:54:47.565 --> 00:54:49.934
- BY ARIAN CHRISTIANS. YOU HAVE THE ROMANS
- 00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:50.468
- YOU HAVE THE ROMANS SAYING, "OUR GODS NEVER
- 00:54:50.534 --> 00:54:51.702
- SAYING, "OUR GODS NEVER DID THIS TO US."
- 00:54:51.769 --> 00:54:53.471
- DID THIS TO US." "PAX DEORUM,"
- 00:54:53.537 --> 00:54:54.605
- "PAX DEORUM," THE "PEACE OF THE GODS."
- 00:54:54.672 --> 00:54:55.639
- THE "PEACE OF THE GODS." "WELL, YOU'VE FAILED.
- 00:54:55.706 --> 00:54:58.109
- "WELL, YOU'VE FAILED. THE CHRISTIAN GOD MUST BE
- 00:54:58.175 --> 00:54:59.176
- THE CHRISTIAN GOD MUST BE FALSE OR A WEAK GOD.
- 00:54:59.243 --> 00:55:00.845
- FALSE OR A WEAK GOD. EITHER IT'S A FALSE
- 00:55:00.911 --> 00:55:01.679
- EITHER IT'S A FALSE RELIGION OR IT'S A WEAK
- 00:55:01.746 --> 00:55:02.580
- RELIGION OR IT'S A WEAK RELIGION.
- 00:55:02.646 --> 00:55:03.447
- RELIGION. EITHER WAY, WE DON'T WANT IT."
- 00:55:03.514 --> 00:55:07.585
- EITHER WAY, WE DON'T WANT IT." OUT OF THIS, YOU ONLY HAVE TWO
- 00:55:07.651 --> 00:55:08.819
- OUT OF THIS, YOU ONLY HAVE TWO VOICES REACTING.
- 00:55:08.886 --> 00:55:10.821
- VOICES REACTING. YOU HAVE JEROME THE GREAT
- 00:55:10.888 --> 00:55:12.022
- YOU HAVE JEROME THE GREAT SCHOLAR OF THE BIBLE, WHO
- 00:55:12.089 --> 00:55:13.557
- SCHOLAR OF THE BIBLE, WHO CREATED THE VULGATE, THE
- 00:55:13.624 --> 00:55:14.859
- CREATED THE VULGATE, THE GREAT LATIN TRANSLATION.
- 00:55:14.925 --> 00:55:16.227
- GREAT LATIN TRANSLATION. "VULGATE" MEANS "VULGAR."
- 00:55:16.293 --> 00:55:17.795
- "VULGATE" MEANS "VULGAR." IT WAS THE COMMON LANGUAGE
- 00:55:17.862 --> 00:55:18.896
- IT WAS THE COMMON LANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE, AND HE CAN
- 00:55:18.963 --> 00:55:20.998
- OF THE PEOPLE, AND HE CAN ONLY GIVE THE PLAINTIVE
- 00:55:21.065 --> 00:55:22.800
- ONLY GIVE THE PLAINTIVE CRY, "IF ROME CAN FAIL,
- 00:55:22.867 --> 00:55:23.401
- CRY, "IF ROME CAN FAIL, WHAT CAN SURVIVE?"
- 00:55:23.467 --> 00:55:24.235
- WHAT CAN SURVIVE?" NO OTHER VOICE WOULD SPEAK
- 00:55:24.301 --> 00:55:26.370
- NO OTHER VOICE WOULD SPEAK TO IT EXCEPT AUGUSTINE
- 00:55:26.437 --> 00:55:29.140
- TO IT EXCEPT AUGUSTINE WITH WHAT HE CALLED HIS
- 00:55:29.206 --> 00:55:30.641
- WITH WHAT HE CALLED HIS GREAT AND ARDUOUS WORK,
- 00:55:30.708 --> 00:55:32.009
- GREAT AND ARDUOUS WORK, "THE CITY OF GOD,"
- 00:55:32.076 --> 00:55:33.144
- "THE CITY OF GOD," "DE CIVITATE DEI."
- 00:55:33.210 --> 00:55:36.280
- "DE CIVITATE DEI." [MUSIC]
- 00:55:36.347 --> 00:55:37.648
- [MUSIC] - NARRATOR (AUGUSTINE):
- 00:55:37.715 --> 00:55:38.516
- - NARRATOR (AUGUSTINE): TWO CITIES HAVE BEEN
- 00:55:38.582 --> 00:55:39.283
- TWO CITIES HAVE BEEN FORMED BY TWO LOVES.
- 00:55:39.350 --> 00:55:44.021
- FORMED BY TWO LOVES. THE ONE LIFTS UP ITS HEAD
- 00:55:44.088 --> 00:55:45.990
- THE ONE LIFTS UP ITS HEAD IN ITS OWN GLORY.
- 00:55:46.056 --> 00:55:49.894
- IN ITS OWN GLORY. THE OTHER SAYS TO ITS GOD,
- 00:55:49.960 --> 00:55:51.896
- THE OTHER SAYS TO ITS GOD, "THOU ART MY GLORY AND THE
- 00:55:51.962 --> 00:55:57.835
- "THOU ART MY GLORY AND THE LIFTER UP OF MINE HEAD."
- 00:55:57.902 --> 00:56:02.606
- LIFTER UP OF MINE HEAD." [MUSIC]
- 00:56:02.673 --> 00:56:04.675
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:56:04.742 --> 00:56:22.092
- - JUSTO: ALL OF EUROPE IS
- 00:56:30.634 --> 00:56:31.602
- - JUSTO: ALL OF EUROPE IS COLLAPSING.
- 00:56:31.669 --> 00:56:33.103
- COLLAPSING. ALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IS
- 00:56:33.170 --> 00:56:33.871
- ALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IS COLLAPSING, BEING TAKEN
- 00:56:33.938 --> 00:56:35.005
- COLLAPSING, BEING TAKEN OVER AND BY THE PEOPLE
- 00:56:35.072 --> 00:56:36.607
- OVER AND BY THE PEOPLE THAT THE ROMANS CALLED
- 00:56:36.674 --> 00:56:39.076
- THAT THE ROMANS CALLED "BARBARIANS."
- 00:56:39.143 --> 00:56:40.344
- "BARBARIANS." WHAT AUGUSTINE DOES IS HE SAYS,
- 00:56:40.411 --> 00:56:41.078
- WHAT AUGUSTINE DOES IS HE SAYS, "NO, EVERY HUMAN ORDER IS
- 00:56:41.145 --> 00:56:42.012
- "NO, EVERY HUMAN ORDER IS BASED ON SELF-LOVE," AND
- 00:56:42.079 --> 00:56:48.152
- BASED ON SELF-LOVE," AND AN ORDER BASED ON
- 00:56:48.219 --> 00:56:51.188
- AN ORDER BASED ON SELF-LOVE CANNOT ALONE
- 00:56:51.255 --> 00:56:53.657
- SELF-LOVE CANNOT ALONE SUBSIST.
- 00:56:53.724 --> 00:56:57.962
- SUBSIST. [MUSIC]
- 00:56:58.028 --> 00:57:02.433
- [MUSIC] - STANLEY: "THE CITY OF
- 00:57:02.500 --> 00:57:03.033
- - STANLEY: "THE CITY OF GOD," OR "CITY OF MAN"
- 00:57:03.100 --> 00:57:05.503
- GOD," OR "CITY OF MAN" CAN'T BE IDENTIFIED WITH
- 00:57:05.569 --> 00:57:06.103
- CAN'T BE IDENTIFIED WITH ANY PARTICULAR CONCRETE,
- 00:57:06.170 --> 00:57:06.904
- ANY PARTICULAR CONCRETE, POLITICAL, CULTURAL
- 00:57:06.971 --> 00:57:08.239
- POLITICAL, CULTURAL INSTITUTION, WHETHER IT BE
- 00:57:08.305 --> 00:57:09.540
- INSTITUTION, WHETHER IT BE THE GOVERNMENT OR THE
- 00:57:09.607 --> 00:57:10.641
- THE GOVERNMENT OR THE CHURCH.
- 00:57:10.708 --> 00:57:12.776
- CHURCH. IT'S SOMETHING THAT IS
- 00:57:12.843 --> 00:57:14.845
- IT'S SOMETHING THAT IS MUCH MORE TRANSCENDENT.
- 00:57:14.912 --> 00:57:16.380
- MUCH MORE TRANSCENDENT. [VOCALIZING]
- 00:57:16.447 --> 00:57:20.017
- [VOCALIZING] - STANLEY: "MY LOYALTY
- 00:57:20.084 --> 00:57:20.618
- - STANLEY: "MY LOYALTY HAS GOT TO BE TO HEAVEN.
- 00:57:20.684 --> 00:57:22.119
- HAS GOT TO BE TO HEAVEN. THAT'S WHERE MY IDENTITY IS.
- 00:57:22.186 --> 00:57:23.254
- THAT'S WHERE MY IDENTITY IS. THAT'S WHERE MY
- 00:57:23.320 --> 00:57:23.988
- THAT'S WHERE MY CITIZENSHIP IS.
- 00:57:24.054 --> 00:57:24.588
- CITIZENSHIP IS. I'M A CITIZEN OF THE CITY
- 00:57:24.655 --> 00:57:25.389
- I'M A CITIZEN OF THE CITY OF GOD."
- 00:57:25.456 --> 00:57:27.224
- OF GOD." [MUSIC]
- 00:57:27.291 --> 00:57:28.526
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:57:28.592 --> 00:57:33.764
- [VOCALIZING] - DENNIS: THEREFORE, WHEN
- 00:57:33.831 --> 00:57:34.398
- - DENNIS: THEREFORE, WHEN THEY HAD COME TOGETHER,
- 00:57:34.465 --> 00:57:35.299
- THEY HAD COME TOGETHER, THEY ASKED HIM SAYING,
- 00:57:35.366 --> 00:57:36.333
- THEY ASKED HIM SAYING, "WILL YOU AT THIS TIME
- 00:57:36.400 --> 00:57:37.635
- "WILL YOU AT THIS TIME RESTORE THE KINGDOM OF
- 00:57:37.701 --> 00:57:40.070
- RESTORE THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL?"
- 00:57:40.137 --> 00:57:41.338
- ISRAEL?" [MUSIC]
- 00:57:41.405 --> 00:57:42.506
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:57:42.573 --> 00:57:58.756
- [VOCALIZING] - DENNIS: AND HE SAID TO
- 00:57:58.822 --> 00:57:59.423
- - DENNIS: AND HE SAID TO THEM, "IT IS NOT FOR YOU
- 00:57:59.490 --> 00:58:00.024
- THEM, "IT IS NOT FOR YOU TO KNOW THE TIMES AND THE
- 00:58:00.090 --> 00:58:00.991
- TO KNOW THE TIMES AND THE SEASONS WHICH THE FATHER
- 00:58:01.058 --> 00:58:02.560
- SEASONS WHICH THE FATHER HAS PUT IN HIS OWN
- 00:58:02.626 --> 00:58:03.794
- HAS PUT IN HIS OWN AUTHORITY."
- 00:58:03.861 --> 00:58:05.863
- AUTHORITY." [MUSIC]
- 00:58:05.930 --> 00:58:06.730
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:58:06.797 --> 00:58:16.574
- [VOCALIZING] - DENNIS: "BUT YOU SHALL
- 00:58:16.640 --> 00:58:17.374
- - DENNIS: "BUT YOU SHALL RECEIVE POWER WHEN THE
- 00:58:17.441 --> 00:58:18.375
- RECEIVE POWER WHEN THE HOLY SPIRIT HAS COME UPON
- 00:58:18.442 --> 00:58:19.777
- HOLY SPIRIT HAS COME UPON YOU."
- 00:58:19.843 --> 00:58:21.211
- YOU." [MUSIC]
- 00:58:21.278 --> 00:58:22.413
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:58:22.479 --> 00:58:28.319
- [VOCALIZING] - DENNIS: "AND YOU SHALL
- 00:58:28.385 --> 00:58:29.053
- - DENNIS: "AND YOU SHALL BE WITNESSES TO ME IN
- 00:58:29.119 --> 00:58:29.920
- BE WITNESSES TO ME IN JERUSALEM AND ALL OF JUDEA
- 00:58:29.987 --> 00:58:32.323
- JERUSALEM AND ALL OF JUDEA AND SAMARIA, AND TO THE
- 00:58:32.389 --> 00:58:38.028
- AND SAMARIA, AND TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH."
- 00:58:38.095 --> 00:58:42.266
- [MUSIC]
- 00:58:42.866 --> 00:58:43.901
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:58:43.968 --> 00:58:50.307
- [VOCALIZING] - STANLEY: AUGUSTINE IS
- 00:58:50.374 --> 00:58:50.908
- - STANLEY: AUGUSTINE IS TOLD THAT THE CITY IS
- 00:58:50.975 --> 00:58:52.943
- TOLD THAT THE CITY IS BURNING.
- 00:58:53.010 --> 00:58:54.878
- BURNING. THE BUILDINGS ARE BEING
- 00:58:54.945 --> 00:58:56.146
- THE BUILDINGS ARE BEING DESTROYED.
- 00:58:56.213 --> 00:58:59.883
- DESTROYED. [MUSIC]
- 00:58:59.950 --> 00:59:00.784
- [MUSIC] [VOCALIZING]
- 00:59:00.851 --> 00:59:01.952
- [VOCALIZING] - STANLEY: AND AUGUSTINE
- 00:59:02.019 --> 00:59:02.953
- - STANLEY: AND AUGUSTINE SAYS, "WHAT IS THE CITY
- 00:59:03.020 --> 00:59:03.854
- SAYS, "WHAT IS THE CITY BUT ITS PEOPLE."
- 00:59:03.921 --> 00:59:05.956
- BUT ITS PEOPLE." [MUSIC]
- 00:59:06.023 --> 00:59:08.626
- [MUSIC] - DENNIS: IN A.D. 430, 20
- 00:59:08.692 --> 00:59:12.262
- - DENNIS: IN A.D. 430, 20 YEARS AFTER THE ARIAN
- 00:59:12.329 --> 00:59:13.097
- YEARS AFTER THE ARIAN VISIGOTHS SACKED ROME,
- 00:59:13.163 --> 00:59:14.665
- VISIGOTHS SACKED ROME, HIPPO REGIUS FELL TO
- 00:59:14.732 --> 00:59:15.566
- HIPPO REGIUS FELL TO THE ARIAN VANDALS.
- 00:59:15.633 --> 00:59:16.333
- THE ARIAN VANDALS. THIS SERIES OF WARS WOULD
- 00:59:16.400 --> 00:59:17.901
- THIS SERIES OF WARS WOULD LEAD TO THE FALL OF THE
- 00:59:17.968 --> 00:59:19.336
- LEAD TO THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND
- 00:59:19.403 --> 00:59:20.571
- WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND USHER IN WHAT WE NOW CALL
- 00:59:20.638 --> 00:59:21.205
- USHER IN WHAT WE NOW CALL THE DARK AGES.
- 00:59:21.271 --> 00:59:25.943
- THE DARK AGES. OUR STORY NOW TURNS TOWARD
- 00:59:26.010 --> 00:59:26.610
- OUR STORY NOW TURNS TOWARD EUROPE.
- 00:59:26.677 --> 00:59:28.479
- EUROPE. COULD CHRISTIANITY SURVIVE
- 00:59:28.545 --> 00:59:29.313
- COULD CHRISTIANITY SURVIVE IN THE DARK?
- 00:59:29.380 --> 00:59:33.617
- [MUSIC]
- 00:59:34.351 --> 00:59:48.032
- [MUSIC] [MUSIC]
- 00:59:48.098 --> 00:59:57.608
